User Guide for SPIR-V Target

Introduction

The SPIR-V target provides code generation for the SPIR-V binary format described in the official SPIR-V specification.

Usage

The SPIR-V backend can be invoked either from LLVM’s Static Compiler (llc) or Clang, allowing developers to compile LLVM intermediate language (IL) files or OpenCL kernel sources directly to SPIR-V. This section outlines the usage of various commands to leverage the SPIR-V backend for different purposes.

Static Compiler Commands

  1. Basic SPIR-V Compilation Command: llc -mtriple=spirv32-unknown-unknown input.ll -o output.spvt Description: This command compiles an LLVM IL file (input.ll) to a SPIR-V binary (output.spvt) for a 32-bit architecture.

  2. Compilation with Extensions and Optimization Command: llc -O1 -mtriple=spirv64-unknown-unknown –spirv-ext=+SPV_INTEL_arbitrary_precision_integers input.ll -o output.spvt Description: Compiles an LLVM IL file to SPIR-V with (-O1) optimizations, targeting a 64-bit architecture. It enables the SPV_INTEL_arbitrary_precision_integers extension.

  3. SPIR-V Binary Generation Command: llc -O0 -mtriple=spirv64-unknown-unknown -filetype=obj input.ll -o output.spvt Description: Generates a SPIR-V object file (output.spvt) from an LLVM module, targeting a 64-bit SPIR-V architecture with no optimizations.

Clang Commands

  1. SPIR-V Generation Command: clang –target=spirv64 input.cl Description: Generates a SPIR-V file directly from an OpenCL kernel source file (input.cl).

Compiler Options

Target Triples

For cross-compilation into SPIR-V use option

-target <Architecture><Subarchitecture>-<Vendor>-<OS>-<Environment>

to specify the target triple:

Table 110 SPIR-V Architectures

Architecture

Description

spirv32

SPIR-V with 32-bit pointer width.

spirv64

SPIR-V with 64-bit pointer width.

spirv

SPIR-V with logical memory layout.

Table 111 SPIR-V Subarchitectures

Subarchitecture

Description

<empty>

SPIR-V version deduced by backend based on the input.

v1.0

SPIR-V version 1.0.

v1.1

SPIR-V version 1.1.

v1.2

SPIR-V version 1.2.

v1.3

SPIR-V version 1.3.

v1.4

SPIR-V version 1.4.

v1.5

SPIR-V version 1.5.

v1.6

SPIR-V version 1.6.

Table 112 SPIR-V Vendors

Vendor

Description

<empty>/unknown

Generic SPIR-V target without any vendor-specific settings.

amd

AMDGCN SPIR-V target, with support for target specific builtins and ASM, meant to be consumed by AMDGCN toolchains.

Table 113 Operating Systems

OS

Description

<empty>/unknown

Defaults to the OpenCL runtime.

vulkan

Vulkan shader runtime.

vulkan1.2

Vulkan 1.2 runtime, corresponding to SPIR-V 1.5.

vulkan1.3

Vulkan 1.3 runtime, corresponding to SPIR-V 1.6.

amdhsa

AMDHSA runtime, meant to be used on HSA compatible runtimes, corresponding to SPIR-V 1.6.

Table 114 SPIR-V Environments

Environment

Description

<empty>/unknown

OpenCL environment or deduced by backend based on the input.

Example:

-target spirv64v1.0 can be used to compile for SPIR-V version 1.0 with 64-bit pointer width.

-target spirv64-amd-amdhsa can be used to compile for AMDGCN flavoured SPIR-V with 64-bit pointer width.

Extensions

The SPIR-V backend supports a variety of extensions that enable or enhance features beyond the core SPIR-V specification. These extensions can be enabled using the -spirv-extensions option followed by the name of the extension(s) you wish to enable. Below is a list of supported SPIR-V extensions, sorted alphabetically by their extension names:

Table 115 Supported SPIR-V Extensions

Extension Name

Description

SPV_EXT_shader_atomic_float16_add

Extends the SPV_EXT_shader_atomic_float_add extension to support atomically adding to 16-bit floating-point numbers in memory.

SPV_EXT_shader_atomic_float_add

Adds atomic add instruction on floating-point numbers.

SPV_EXT_shader_atomic_float_min_max

Adds atomic min and max instruction on floating-point numbers.

SPV_INTEL_arbitrary_precision_integers

Allows generating arbitrary width integer types.

SPV_INTEL_bfloat16_conversion

Adds instructions to convert between single-precision 32-bit floating-point values and 16-bit bfloat16 values.

SPV_INTEL_cache_controls

Allows cache control information to be applied to memory access instructions.

SPV_INTEL_function_pointers

Allows translation of function pointers.

SPV_INTEL_inline_assembly

Allows to use inline assembly.

SPV_INTEL_global_variable_host_access

Adds decorations that can be applied to global (module scope) variables.

SPV_INTEL_global_variable_fpga_decorations

Adds decorations that can be applied to global (module scope) variables to help code generation for FPGA devices.

SPV_INTEL_optnone

Adds OptNoneINTEL value for Function Control mask that indicates a request to not optimize the function.

SPV_INTEL_subgroups

Allows work items in a subgroup to share data without the use of local memory and work group barriers, and to utilize specialized hardware to load and store blocks of data from images or buffers.

SPV_INTEL_usm_storage_classes

Introduces two new storage classes that are subclasses of the CrossWorkgroup storage class that provides additional information that can enable optimization.

SPV_INTEL_variable_length_array

Allows to allocate local arrays whose number of elements is unknown at compile time.

SPV_KHR_bit_instructions

Enables bit instructions to be used by SPIR-V modules without requiring the Shader capability.

SPV_KHR_expect_assume

Provides additional information to a compiler, similar to the llvm.assume and llvm.expect intrinsics.

SPV_KHR_float_controls

Provides new execution modes to control floating-point computations by overriding an implementation’s default behavior for rounding modes, denormals, signed zero, and infinities.

SPV_KHR_linkonce_odr

Allows to use the LinkOnceODR linkage type that lets a function or global variable to be merged with other functions or global variables of the same name when linkage occurs.

SPV_KHR_no_integer_wrap_decoration

Adds decorations to indicate that a given instruction does not cause integer wrapping.

SPV_KHR_shader_clock

Adds the extension cl_khr_kernel_clock that adds the ability for a kernel to sample the value from clocks provided by compute units.

SPV_KHR_subgroup_rotate

Adds a new instruction that enables rotating values across invocations within a subgroup.

SPV_KHR_uniform_group_instructions

Allows support for additional group operations within uniform control flow.

To enable multiple extensions, list them separated by spaces. For example, to enable support for atomic operations on floating-point numbers and arbitrary precision integers, use:

-spirv-ext=+SPV_EXT_shader_atomic_float_add,+SPV_INTEL_arbitrary_precision_integers

To enable all extensions, use the following option: -spirv-ext=all

To enable all extensions except specified, specify all followed by a list of disallowed extensions. For example: -spirv-ext=all,-SPV_INTEL_arbitrary_precision_integers

SPIR-V representation in LLVM IR

SPIR-V is intentionally designed for seamless integration with various Intermediate Representations (IRs), including LLVM IR, facilitating straightforward mappings for most of its entities. The development of the SPIR-V backend has been guided by a principle of compatibility with the Khronos Group SPIR-V LLVM Translator. Consequently, the input representation accepted by the SPIR-V backend aligns closely with that detailed in the SPIR-V Representation in LLVM document. This document, along with the sections that follow, delineate the main points and focus on any differences between the LLVM IR that this backend processes and the conventions used by other tools.

Special types

SPIR-V specifies several kinds of opaque types. These types are represented using target extension types and are represented as follows:

Table 116 SPIR-V Opaque Types

SPIR-V Type

LLVM type name

LLVM type arguments

OpTypeImage

spirv.Image

sampled type, dimensionality, depth, arrayed, MS, sampled, image format, access qualifier

OpTypeSampler

spirv.Sampler

(none)

OpTypeSampledImage

spirv.SampledImage

sampled type, dimensionality, depth, arrayed, MS, sampled, image format, access qualifier

OpTypeEvent

spirv.Event

(none)

OpTypeDeviceEvent

spirv.DeviceEvent

(none)

OpTypeReserveId

spirv.ReserveId

(none)

OpTypeQueue

spirv.Queue

(none)

OpTypePipe

spirv.Pipe

access qualifier

OpTypePipeStorage

spirv.PipeStorage

(none)

All integer arguments take the same value as they do in their corresponding SPIR-V instruction. For example, the OpenCL type image2d_depth_ro_t would be represented in SPIR-V IR as target("spirv.Image", void, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0), with its dimensionality parameter as 1 meaning 2D. Sampled image types include the parameters of its underlying image type, so that a sampled image for the previous type has the representation target("spirv.SampledImage, void, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0).

Target Intrinsics

The SPIR-V backend employs several LLVM IR intrinsics that facilitate various low-level operations essential for generating correct and efficient SPIR-V code. These intrinsics cover a range of functionalities from type assignment and memory management to control flow and atomic operations. Below is a detailed table of selected intrinsics used in the SPIR-V backend, along with their descriptions and argument details.

Table 117 LLVM IR Intrinsics for SPIR-V

Intrinsic ID

Return Type

Argument Types

Description

int_spv_assign_type

None

[Type, Metadata]

Associates a type with metadata, crucial for maintaining type information in SPIR-V structures. Not emitted directly but supports the type system internally.

int_spv_assign_ptr_type

None

[Type, Metadata, Integer]

Similar to int_spv_assign_type, but for pointer types with an additional integer specifying the storage class. Supports SPIR-V’s detailed pointer type system. Not emitted directly.

int_spv_assign_name

None

[Type, Vararg]

Assigns names to types or values, enhancing readability and debuggability of SPIR-V code. Not emitted directly but used for metadata enrichment.

int_spv_assign_decoration

None

[Type, Metadata]

Assigns decoration to values by associating them with metadatas. Not emitted directly but used to support SPIR-V representation in LLVM IR.

int_spv_track_constant

Type

[Type, Metadata]

Tracks constants in the SPIR-V module. Essential for optimizing and reducing redundancy. Emitted for internal use only.

int_spv_init_global

None

[Type, Type]

Initializes global variables, a necessary step for ensuring correct global state management in SPIR-V. Emitted for internal use only.

int_spv_unref_global

None

[Type]

Manages the lifetime of global variables by marking them as unreferenced, thus enabling optimizations related to global variable usage. Emitted for internal use only.

int_spv_gep

Pointer

[Boolean, Type, Vararg]

Computes the address of a sub-element of an aggregate type. Critical for accessing array elements and structure fields. Supports conditionally addressing elements in a generic way.

int_spv_load

32-bit Integer

[Pointer, 16-bit Integer, 8-bit Integer]

Loads a value from a memory location. The additional integers specify memory access and alignment details, vital for ensuring correct and efficient memory operations.

int_spv_store

None

[Type, Pointer, 16-bit Integer, 8-bit Integer]

Stores a value to a memory location. Like int_spv_load, it includes specifications for memory access and alignment, essential for memory operations.

int_spv_extractv

Type

[32-bit Integer, Vararg]

Extracts a value from a vector, allowing for vector operations within SPIR-V. Enables manipulation of vector components.

int_spv_insertv

32-bit Integer

[32-bit Integer, Type, Vararg]

Inserts a value into a vector. Complementary to int_spv_extractv, it facilitates the construction and manipulation of vectors.

int_spv_extractelt

Type

[Type, Any Integer]

Extracts an element from an aggregate type based on an index. Essential for operations on arrays and vectors.

int_spv_insertelt

Type

[Type, Type, Any Integer]

Inserts an element into an aggregate type at a specified index. Allows for building and modifying arrays and vectors.

int_spv_const_composite

Type

[Vararg]

Constructs a composite type from given elements. Key for creating arrays, structs, and vectors from individual components.

int_spv_bitcast

Type

[Type]

Performs a bit-wise cast between types. Critical for type conversions that do not change the bit representation.

int_spv_ptrcast

Type

[Type, Metadata, Integer]

Casts pointers between different types. Similar to int_spv_bitcast but specifically for pointers, taking into account SPIR-V’s strict type system.

int_spv_switch

None

[Type, Vararg]

Implements a multi-way branch based on a value. Enables complex control flow structures, similar to the switch statement in high-level languages.

int_spv_cmpxchg

32-bit Integer

[Type, Vararg]

Performs an atomic compare-and-exchange operation. Crucial for synchronization and concurrency control in compute shaders.

int_spv_unreachable

None

[]

Marks a point in the code that should never be reached, enabling optimizations by indicating unreachable code paths.

int_spv_alloca

Type

[]

Allocates memory on the stack. Fundamental for local variable storage in functions.

int_spv_alloca_array

Type

[Any Integer]

Allocates an array on the stack. Extends int_spv_alloca to support array allocations, essential for temporary arrays.

int_spv_undef

32-bit Integer

[]

Generates an undefined value. Useful for optimizations and indicating uninitialized variables.

int_spv_inline_asm

None

[Metadata, Metadata, Vararg]

Associates inline assembly features to inline assembly call instances by creating metadatas and preserving original arguments. Not emitted directly but used to support SPIR-V representation in LLVM IR.

int_spv_assume

None

[1-bit Integer]

Provides hints to the optimizer about assumptions that can be made about program state. Improves optimization potential.

int_spv_expect

Any Integer Type

[Type, Type]

Guides branch prediction by indicating expected branch paths. Enhances performance by optimizing common code paths.

int_spv_thread_id

32-bit Integer

[32-bit Integer]

Retrieves the thread ID within a workgroup. Essential for identifying execution context in parallel compute operations.

int_spv_create_handle

Pointer

[8-bit Integer]

Creates a resource handle for graphics or compute resources. Facilitates the management and use of resources in shaders.

Builtin Functions

The following section highlights the representation of SPIR-V builtins in LLVM IR, emphasizing builtins that do not have direct counterparts in LLVM.

Instructions as Function Calls

SPIR-V builtins without direct LLVM counterparts are represented as LLVM function calls. These functions, termed SPIR-V builtin functions, follow an IA64 mangling scheme with SPIR-V-specific extensions. Parsing non-mangled calls to builtins is supported in some cases, but not tested extensively. The general format is:

__spirv_{OpCodeName}{_OptionalPostfixes}

Where {OpCodeName} is the SPIR-V opcode name sans the “Op” prefix, and {OptionalPostfixes} are decoration-specific postfixes, if any. The mangling and postfixes allow for the representation of SPIR-V’s rich instruction set within LLVM’s framework.

Extended Instruction Sets

SPIR-V defines several extended instruction sets for additional functionalities, such as OpenCL-specific operations. In LLVM IR, these are represented by function calls to mangled builtins and selected based on the environment. For example:

acos_f32

represents the acos function from the OpenCL extended instruction set for a float32 input.

Builtin Variables

SPIR-V builtin variables, which provide access to special hardware or execution model properties, are mapped to either LLVM function calls or LLVM global variables. The representation follows the naming convention:

__spirv_BuiltIn{VariableName}

For instance, the SPIR-V builtin GlobalInvocationId is accessible in LLVM IR as __spirv_BuiltInGlobalInvocationId.

Vector Load and Store Builtins

SPIR-V’s capabilities for loading and storing vectors are represented in LLVM IR using functions that mimic the SPIR-V instructions. These builtins handle cases that LLVM’s native instructions do not directly support, enabling fine-grained control over memory operations.

Atomic Operations

SPIR-V’s atomic operations, especially those operating on floating-point data, are represented in LLVM IR with corresponding function calls. These builtins ensure atomicity in operations where LLVM might not have direct support, essential for parallel execution and synchronization.

Image Operations

SPIR-V provides extensive support for image and sampler operations, which LLVM represents through function calls to builtins. These include image reads, writes, and queries, allowing detailed manipulation of image data and parameters.

Group and Subgroup Operations

For workgroup and subgroup operations, LLVM uses function calls to represent SPIR-V’s group-based instructions. These builtins facilitate group synchronization, data sharing, and collective operations essential for efficient parallel computation.