AArch64PromoteConstant.cpp

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//==- AArch64PromoteConstant.cpp - Promote constant to global for AArch64 --==//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This file implements the AArch64PromoteConstant pass which promotes constants
// to global variables when this is likely to be more efficient. Currently only
// types related to constant vector (i.e., constant vector, array of constant
// vectors, constant structure with a constant vector field, etc.) are promoted
// to global variables. Constant vectors are likely to be lowered in target
// constant pool during instruction selection already; therefore, the access
// will remain the same (memory load), but the structure types are not split
// into different constant pool accesses for each field. A bonus side effect is
// that created globals may be merged by the global merge pass.
//
// FIXME: This pass may be useful for other targets too.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
#include "AArch64.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/DenseMap.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/Statistic.h"
#include "llvm/IR/BasicBlock.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Constant.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Constants.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Dominators.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Function.h"
#include "llvm/IR/GlobalValue.h"
#include "llvm/IR/GlobalVariable.h"
#include "llvm/IR/IRBuilder.h"
#include "llvm/IR/InlineAsm.h"
#include "llvm/IR/InstIterator.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Instruction.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Instructions.h"
#include "llvm/IR/IntrinsicInst.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Module.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Type.h"
#include "llvm/InitializePasses.h"
#include "llvm/Pass.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Casting.h"
#include "llvm/Support/CommandLine.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Debug.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
#include <algorithm>
#include <cassert>
#include <utility>
 
using namespace llvm;
 
#define DEBUG_TYPE "aarch64-promote-const"
 
// Stress testing mode - disable heuristics.
static cl::opt<bool> Stress("aarch64-stress-promote-const", cl::Hidden,
                            cl::desc("Promote all vector constants"));
 
STATISTIC(NumPromoted, "Number of promoted constants");
STATISTIC(NumPromotedUses, "Number of promoted constants uses");
 
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//                       AArch64PromoteConstant
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
namespace {
 
/// Promotes interesting constant into global variables.
/// The motivating example is:
/// static const uint16_t TableA[32] = {
///   41944, 40330, 38837, 37450, 36158, 34953, 33826, 32768,
///   31776, 30841, 29960, 29128, 28340, 27595, 26887, 26215,
///   25576, 24967, 24386, 23832, 23302, 22796, 22311, 21846,
///   21400, 20972, 20561, 20165, 19785, 19419, 19066, 18725,
/// };
///
/// uint8x16x4_t LoadStatic(void) {
///   uint8x16x4_t ret;
///   ret.val[0] = vld1q_u16(TableA +  0);
///   ret.val[1] = vld1q_u16(TableA +  8);
///   ret.val[2] = vld1q_u16(TableA + 16);
///   ret.val[3] = vld1q_u16(TableA + 24);
///   return ret;
/// }
///
/// The constants in this example are folded into the uses. Thus, 4 different
/// constants are created.
///
/// As their type is vector the cheapest way to create them is to load them
/// for the memory.
///
/// Therefore the final assembly final has 4 different loads. With this pass
/// enabled, only one load is issued for the constants.
class AArch64PromoteConstant : public ModulePass {
public:
  struct PromotedConstant {
    bool ShouldConvert = false;
    GlobalVariable *GV = nullptr;
  };
  using PromotionCacheTy = SmallDenseMap<Constant *, PromotedConstant, 16>;
 
  struct UpdateRecord {
    Constant *C;
    Instruction *User;
    unsigned Op;
 
    UpdateRecord(Constant *C, Instruction *User, unsigned Op)
        : C(C), User(User), Op(Op) {}
  };
 
  static char ID;
 
  AArch64PromoteConstant() : ModulePass(ID) {
    initializeAArch64PromoteConstantPass(*PassRegistry::getPassRegistry());
  }
 
  StringRef getPassName() const override { return "AArch64 Promote Constant"; }
 
  /// Iterate over the functions and promote the interesting constants into
  /// global variables with module scope.
  bool runOnModule(Module &M) override {
    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << getPassName() << '\n');
    if (skipModule(M))
      return false;
    bool Changed = false;
    PromotionCacheTy PromotionCache;
    for (auto &MF : M) {
      Changed |= runOnFunction(MF, PromotionCache);
    }
    return Changed;
  }
 
private:
  /// Look for interesting constants used within the given function.
  /// Promote them into global variables, load these global variables within
  /// the related function, so that the number of inserted load is minimal.
  bool runOnFunction(Function &F, PromotionCacheTy &PromotionCache);
 
  // This transformation requires dominator info
  void getAnalysisUsage(AnalysisUsage &AU) const override {
    AU.setPreservesCFG();
    AU.addRequired<DominatorTreeWrapperPass>();
    AU.addPreserved<DominatorTreeWrapperPass>();
  }
 
  /// Type to store a list of Uses.
  using Uses = SmallVector<std::pair<Instruction *, unsigned>, 4>;
  /// Map an insertion point to all the uses it dominates.
  using InsertionPoints = DenseMap<Instruction *, Uses>;
 
  /// Find the closest point that dominates the given Use.
  Instruction *findInsertionPoint(Instruction &User, unsigned OpNo);
 
  /// Check if the given insertion point is dominated by an existing
  /// insertion point.
  /// If true, the given use is added to the list of dominated uses for
  /// the related existing point.
  /// \param NewPt the insertion point to be checked
  /// \param User the user of the constant
  /// \param OpNo the operand number of the use
  /// \param InsertPts existing insertion points
  /// \pre NewPt and all instruction in InsertPts belong to the same function
  /// \return true if one of the insertion point in InsertPts dominates NewPt,
  ///         false otherwise
  bool isDominated(Instruction *NewPt, Instruction *User, unsigned OpNo,
                   InsertionPoints &InsertPts);
 
  /// Check if the given insertion point can be merged with an existing
  /// insertion point in a common dominator.
  /// If true, the given use is added to the list of the created insertion
  /// point.
  /// \param NewPt the insertion point to be checked
  /// \param User the user of the constant
  /// \param OpNo the operand number of the use
  /// \param InsertPts existing insertion points
  /// \pre NewPt and all instruction in InsertPts belong to the same function
  /// \pre isDominated returns false for the exact same parameters.
  /// \return true if it exists an insertion point in InsertPts that could
  ///         have been merged with NewPt in a common dominator,
  ///         false otherwise
  bool tryAndMerge(Instruction *NewPt, Instruction *User, unsigned OpNo,
                   InsertionPoints &InsertPts);
 
  /// Compute the minimal insertion points to dominates all the interesting
  /// uses of value.
  /// Insertion points are group per function and each insertion point
  /// contains a list of all the uses it dominates within the related function
  /// \param User the user of the constant
  /// \param OpNo the operand number of the constant
  /// \param[out] InsertPts output storage of the analysis
  void computeInsertionPoint(Instruction *User, unsigned OpNo,
                             InsertionPoints &InsertPts);
 
  /// Insert a definition of a new global variable at each point contained in
  /// InsPtsPerFunc and update the related uses (also contained in
  /// InsPtsPerFunc).
  void insertDefinitions(Function &F, GlobalVariable &GV,
                         InsertionPoints &InsertPts);
 
  /// Do the constant promotion indicated by the Updates records, keeping track
  /// of globals in PromotionCache.
  void promoteConstants(Function &F, SmallVectorImpl<UpdateRecord> &Updates,
                        PromotionCacheTy &PromotionCache);
 
  /// Transfer the list of dominated uses of IPI to NewPt in InsertPts.
  /// Append Use to this list and delete the entry of IPI in InsertPts.
  static void appendAndTransferDominatedUses(Instruction *NewPt,
                                             Instruction *User, unsigned OpNo,
                                             InsertionPoints::iterator &IPI,
                                             InsertionPoints &InsertPts) {
    // Record the dominated use.
    IPI->second.emplace_back(User, OpNo);
    // Transfer the dominated uses of IPI to NewPt
    // Inserting into the DenseMap may invalidate existing iterator.
    // Keep a copy of the key to find the iterator to erase.  Keep a copy of the
    // value so that we don't have to dereference IPI->second.
    Instruction *OldInstr = IPI->first;
    Uses OldUses = std::move(IPI->second);
    InsertPts[NewPt] = std::move(OldUses);
    // Erase IPI.
    InsertPts.erase(OldInstr);
  }
};
 
} // end anonymous namespace
 
char AArch64PromoteConstant::ID = 0;
 
INITIALIZE_PASS_BEGIN(AArch64PromoteConstant, "aarch64-promote-const",
                      "AArch64 Promote Constant Pass", false, false)
INITIALIZE_PASS_DEPENDENCY(DominatorTreeWrapperPass)
INITIALIZE_PASS_END(AArch64PromoteConstant, "aarch64-promote-const",
                    "AArch64 Promote Constant Pass", false, false)
 
ModulePass *llvm::createAArch64PromoteConstantPass() {
  return new AArch64PromoteConstant();
}
 
/// Check if the given type uses a vector type.
static bool isConstantUsingVectorTy(const Type *CstTy) {
  if (CstTy->isVectorTy())
    return true;
  if (CstTy->isStructTy()) {
    for (unsigned EltIdx = 0, EndEltIdx = CstTy->getStructNumElements();
         EltIdx < EndEltIdx; ++EltIdx)
      if (isConstantUsingVectorTy(CstTy->getStructElementType(EltIdx)))
        return true;
  } else if (CstTy->isArrayTy())
    return isConstantUsingVectorTy(CstTy->getArrayElementType());
  return false;
}
 
// Returns true if \p C contains only ConstantData leafs and no global values,
// block addresses or constant expressions. Traverses ConstantAggregates.
static bool containsOnlyConstantData(const Constant *C) {
  if (isa<ConstantData>(C))
    return true;
 
  if (isa<GlobalValue>(C) || isa<BlockAddress>(C) || isa<ConstantExpr>(C))
    return false;
 
  return all_of(C->operands(), [](const Use &U) {
    return containsOnlyConstantData(cast<Constant>(&U));
  });
}
 
/// Check if the given use (Instruction + OpIdx) of Cst should be converted into
/// a load of a global variable initialized with Cst.
/// A use should be converted if it is legal to do so.
/// For instance, it is not legal to turn the mask operand of a shuffle vector
/// into a load of a global variable.
static bool shouldConvertUse(const Constant *Cst, const Instruction *Instr,
                             unsigned OpIdx) {
  // shufflevector instruction expects a const for the mask argument, i.e., the
  // third argument. Do not promote this use in that case.
  if (isa<const ShuffleVectorInst>(Instr) && OpIdx == 2)
    return false;
 
  // extractvalue instruction expects a const idx.
  if (isa<const ExtractValueInst>(Instr) && OpIdx > 0)
    return false;
 
  // extractvalue instruction expects a const idx.
  if (isa<const InsertValueInst>(Instr) && OpIdx > 1)
    return false;
 
  if (isa<const AllocaInst>(Instr) && OpIdx > 0)
    return false;
 
  // Alignment argument must be constant.
  if (isa<const LoadInst>(Instr) && OpIdx > 0)
    return false;
 
  // Alignment argument must be constant.
  if (isa<const StoreInst>(Instr) && OpIdx > 1)
    return false;
 
  // Index must be constant.
  if (isa<const GetElementPtrInst>(Instr) && OpIdx > 0)
    return false;
 
  // Personality function and filters must be constant.
  // Give up on that instruction.
  if (isa<const LandingPadInst>(Instr))
    return false;
 
  // Switch instruction expects constants to compare to.
  if (isa<const SwitchInst>(Instr))
    return false;
 
  // Expected address must be a constant.
  if (isa<const IndirectBrInst>(Instr))
    return false;
 
  // Do not mess with intrinsics.
  if (isa<const IntrinsicInst>(Instr))
    return false;
 
  // Do not mess with inline asm.
  const CallInst *CI = dyn_cast<const CallInst>(Instr);
  return !(CI && CI->isInlineAsm());
}
 
/// Check if the given Cst should be converted into
/// a load of a global variable initialized with Cst.
/// A constant should be converted if it is likely that the materialization of
/// the constant will be tricky. Thus, we give up on zero or undef values.
///
/// \todo Currently, accept only vector related types.
/// Also we give up on all simple vector type to keep the existing
/// behavior. Otherwise, we should push here all the check of the lowering of
/// BUILD_VECTOR. By giving up, we lose the potential benefit of merging
/// constant via global merge and the fact that the same constant is stored
/// only once with this method (versus, as many function that uses the constant
/// for the regular approach, even for float).
/// Again, the simplest solution would be to promote every
/// constant and rematerialize them when they are actually cheap to create.
static bool shouldConvertImpl(const Constant *Cst) {
  if (isa<const UndefValue>(Cst))
    return false;
 
  // FIXME: In some cases, it may be interesting to promote in memory
  // a zero initialized constant.
  // E.g., when the type of Cst require more instructions than the
  // adrp/add/load sequence or when this sequence can be shared by several
  // instances of Cst.
  // Ideally, we could promote this into a global and rematerialize the constant
  // when it was a bad idea.
  if (Cst->isZeroValue())
    return false;
 
  if (Stress)
    return true;
 
  // FIXME: see function \todo
  if (Cst->getType()->isVectorTy())
    return false;
  return isConstantUsingVectorTy(Cst->getType());
}
 
static bool
shouldConvert(Constant &C,
              AArch64PromoteConstant::PromotionCacheTy &PromotionCache) {
  auto Converted = PromotionCache.insert(
      std::make_pair(&C, AArch64PromoteConstant::PromotedConstant()));
  if (Converted.second)
    Converted.first->second.ShouldConvert = shouldConvertImpl(&C);
  return Converted.first->second.ShouldConvert;
}
 
Instruction *AArch64PromoteConstant::findInsertionPoint(Instruction &User,
                                                        unsigned OpNo) {
  // If this user is a phi, the insertion point is in the related
  // incoming basic block.
  if (PHINode *PhiInst = dyn_cast<PHINode>(&User))
    return PhiInst->getIncomingBlock(OpNo)->getTerminator();
 
  return &User;
}
 
bool AArch64PromoteConstant::isDominated(Instruction *NewPt, Instruction *User,
                                         unsigned OpNo,
                                         InsertionPoints &InsertPts) {
  DominatorTree &DT = getAnalysis<DominatorTreeWrapperPass>(
      *NewPt->getParent()->getParent()).getDomTree();
 
  // Traverse all the existing insertion points and check if one is dominating
  // NewPt. If it is, remember that.
  for (auto &IPI : InsertPts) {
    if (NewPt == IPI.first || DT.dominates(IPI.first, NewPt) ||
        // When IPI.first is a terminator instruction, DT may think that
        // the result is defined on the edge.
        // Here we are testing the insertion point, not the definition.
        (IPI.first->getParent() != NewPt->getParent() &&
         DT.dominates(IPI.first->getParent(), NewPt->getParent()))) {
      // No need to insert this point. Just record the dominated use.
      LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Insertion point dominated by:\n");
      LLVM_DEBUG(IPI.first->print(dbgs()));
      LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << '\n');
      IPI.second.emplace_back(User, OpNo);
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}
 
bool AArch64PromoteConstant::tryAndMerge(Instruction *NewPt, Instruction *User,
                                         unsigned OpNo,
                                         InsertionPoints &InsertPts) {
  DominatorTree &DT = getAnalysis<DominatorTreeWrapperPass>(
      *NewPt->getParent()->getParent()).getDomTree();
  BasicBlock *NewBB = NewPt->getParent();
 
  // Traverse all the existing insertion point and check if one is dominated by
  // NewPt and thus useless or can be combined with NewPt into a common
  // dominator.
  for (InsertionPoints::iterator IPI = InsertPts.begin(),
                                 EndIPI = InsertPts.end();
       IPI != EndIPI; ++IPI) {
    BasicBlock *CurBB = IPI->first->getParent();
    if (NewBB == CurBB) {
      // Instructions are in the same block.
      // By construction, NewPt is dominating the other.
      // Indeed, isDominated returned false with the exact same arguments.
      LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Merge insertion point with:\n");
      LLVM_DEBUG(IPI->first->print(dbgs()));
      LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "\nat considered insertion point.\n");
      appendAndTransferDominatedUses(NewPt, User, OpNo, IPI, InsertPts);
      return true;
    }
 
    // Look for a common dominator
    BasicBlock *CommonDominator = DT.findNearestCommonDominator(NewBB, CurBB);
    // If none exists, we cannot merge these two points.
    if (!CommonDominator)
      continue;
 
    if (CommonDominator != NewBB) {
      // By construction, the CommonDominator cannot be CurBB.
      assert(CommonDominator != CurBB &&
             "Instruction has not been rejected during isDominated check!");
      // Take the last instruction of the CommonDominator as insertion point
      NewPt = CommonDominator->getTerminator();
    }
    // else, CommonDominator is the block of NewBB, hence NewBB is the last
    // possible insertion point in that block.
    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Merge insertion point with:\n");
    LLVM_DEBUG(IPI->first->print(dbgs()));
    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << '\n');
    LLVM_DEBUG(NewPt->print(dbgs()));
    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << '\n');
    appendAndTransferDominatedUses(NewPt, User, OpNo, IPI, InsertPts);
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}
 
void AArch64PromoteConstant::computeInsertionPoint(
    Instruction *User, unsigned OpNo, InsertionPoints &InsertPts) {
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Considered use, opidx " << OpNo << ":\n");
  LLVM_DEBUG(User->print(dbgs()));
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << '\n');
 
  Instruction *InsertionPoint = findInsertionPoint(*User, OpNo);
 
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Considered insertion point:\n");
  LLVM_DEBUG(InsertionPoint->print(dbgs()));
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << '\n');
 
  if (isDominated(InsertionPoint, User, OpNo, InsertPts))
    return;
  // This insertion point is useful, check if we can merge some insertion
  // point in a common dominator or if NewPt dominates an existing one.
  if (tryAndMerge(InsertionPoint, User, OpNo, InsertPts))
    return;
 
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Keep considered insertion point\n");
 
  // It is definitely useful by its own
  InsertPts[InsertionPoint].emplace_back(User, OpNo);
}
 
static void ensurePromotedGV(Function &F, Constant &C,
                             AArch64PromoteConstant::PromotedConstant &PC) {
  assert(PC.ShouldConvert &&
         "Expected that we should convert this to a global");
  if (PC.GV)
    return;
  PC.GV = new GlobalVariable(
      *F.getParent(), C.getType(), true, GlobalValue::InternalLinkage, nullptr,
      "_PromotedConst", nullptr, GlobalVariable::NotThreadLocal);
  PC.GV->setInitializer(&C);
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Global replacement: ");
  LLVM_DEBUG(PC.GV->print(dbgs()));
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << '\n');
  ++NumPromoted;
}
 
void AArch64PromoteConstant::insertDefinitions(Function &F,
                                               GlobalVariable &PromotedGV,
                                               InsertionPoints &InsertPts) {
#ifndef NDEBUG
  // Do more checking for debug purposes.
  DominatorTree &DT = getAnalysis<DominatorTreeWrapperPass>(F).getDomTree();
#endif
  assert(!InsertPts.empty() && "Empty uses does not need a definition");
 
  for (const auto &IPI : InsertPts) {
    // Create the load of the global variable.
    IRBuilder<> Builder(IPI.first);
    LoadInst *LoadedCst =
        Builder.CreateLoad(PromotedGV.getValueType(), &PromotedGV);
    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "**********\n");
    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "New def: ");
    LLVM_DEBUG(LoadedCst->print(dbgs()));
    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << '\n');
 
    // Update the dominated uses.
    for (auto Use : IPI.second) {
#ifndef NDEBUG
      assert(DT.dominates(LoadedCst,
                          findInsertionPoint(*Use.first, Use.second)) &&
             "Inserted definition does not dominate all its uses!");
#endif
      LLVM_DEBUG({
        dbgs() << "Use to update " << Use.second << ":";
        Use.first->print(dbgs());
        dbgs() << '\n';
      });
      Use.first->setOperand(Use.second, LoadedCst);
      ++NumPromotedUses;
    }
  }
}
 
void AArch64PromoteConstant::promoteConstants(
    Function &F, SmallVectorImpl<UpdateRecord> &Updates,
    PromotionCacheTy &PromotionCache) {
  // Promote the constants.
  for (auto U = Updates.begin(), E = Updates.end(); U != E;) {
    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "** Compute insertion points **\n");
    auto First = U;
    Constant *C = First->C;
    InsertionPoints InsertPts;
    do {
      computeInsertionPoint(U->User, U->Op, InsertPts);
    } while (++U != E && U->C == C);
 
    auto &Promotion = PromotionCache[C];
    ensurePromotedGV(F, *C, Promotion);
    insertDefinitions(F, *Promotion.GV, InsertPts);
  }
}
 
bool AArch64PromoteConstant::runOnFunction(Function &F,
                                           PromotionCacheTy &PromotionCache) {
  // Look for instructions using constant vector. Promote that constant to a
  // global variable. Create as few loads of this variable as possible and
  // update the uses accordingly.
  SmallVector<UpdateRecord, 64> Updates;
  for (Instruction &I : instructions(&F)) {
    // Traverse the operand, looking for constant vectors. Replace them by a
    // load of a global variable of constant vector type.
    for (Use &U : I.operands()) {
      Constant *Cst = dyn_cast<Constant>(U);
      // There is no point in promoting global values as they are already
      // global. Do not promote constants containing constant expression, global
      // values or blockaddresses either, as they may require some code
      // expansion.
      if (!Cst || isa<GlobalValue>(Cst) || !containsOnlyConstantData(Cst))
        continue;
 
      // Check if this constant is worth promoting.
      if (!shouldConvert(*Cst, PromotionCache))
        continue;
 
      // Check if this use should be promoted.
      unsigned OpNo = &U - I.op_begin();
      if (!shouldConvertUse(Cst, &I, OpNo))
        continue;
 
      Updates.emplace_back(Cst, &I, OpNo);
    }
  }
 
  if (Updates.empty())
    return false;
 
  promoteConstants(F, Updates, PromotionCache);
  return true;
}