NVPTXLowerArgs.cpp

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//===-- NVPTXLowerArgs.cpp - Lower arguments ------------------------------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
//
// Arguments to kernel and device functions are passed via param space,
// which imposes certain restrictions:
// http://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/parallel-thread-execution/#state-spaces
//
// Kernel parameters are read-only and accessible only via ld.param
// instruction, directly or via a pointer.
//
// Device function parameters are directly accessible via
// ld.param/st.param, but taking the address of one returns a pointer
// to a copy created in local space which *can't* be used with
// ld.param/st.param.
//
// Copying a byval struct into local memory in IR allows us to enforce
// the param space restrictions, gives the rest of IR a pointer w/o
// param space restrictions, and gives us an opportunity to eliminate
// the copy.
//
// Pointer arguments to kernel functions need more work to be lowered:
//
// 1. Convert non-byval pointer arguments of CUDA kernels to pointers in the
//    global address space. This allows later optimizations to emit
//    ld.global.*/st.global.* for accessing these pointer arguments. For
//    example,
//
//    define void @foo(float* %input) {
//      %v = load float, float* %input, align 4
//      ...
//    }
//
//    becomes
//
//    define void @foo(float* %input) {
//      %input2 = addrspacecast float* %input to float addrspace(1)*
//      %input3 = addrspacecast float addrspace(1)* %input2 to float*
//      %v = load float, float* %input3, align 4
//      ...
//    }
//
//    Later, NVPTXInferAddressSpaces will optimize it to
//
//    define void @foo(float* %input) {
//      %input2 = addrspacecast float* %input to float addrspace(1)*
//      %v = load float, float addrspace(1)* %input2, align 4
//      ...
//    }
//
// 2. Convert byval kernel parameters to pointers in the param address space
//    (so that NVPTX emits ld/st.param).  Convert pointers *within* a byval
//    kernel parameter to pointers in the global address space. This allows
//    NVPTX to emit ld/st.global.
//
//    struct S {
//      int *x;
//      int *y;
//    };
//    __global__ void foo(S s) {
//      int *b = s.y;
//      // use b
//    }
//
//    "b" points to the global address space. In the IR level,
//
//    define void @foo(ptr byval %input) {
//      %b_ptr = getelementptr {ptr, ptr}, ptr %input, i64 0, i32 1
//      %b = load ptr, ptr %b_ptr
//      ; use %b
//    }
//
//    becomes
//
//    define void @foo({i32*, i32*}* byval %input) {
//      %b_param = addrspacecat ptr %input to ptr addrspace(101)
//      %b_ptr = getelementptr {ptr, ptr}, ptr addrspace(101) %b_param, i64 0, i32 1
//      %b = load ptr, ptr addrspace(101) %b_ptr
//      %b_global = addrspacecast ptr %b to ptr addrspace(1)
//      ; use %b_generic
//    }
//
//    Create a local copy of kernel byval parameters used in a way that *might* mutate
//    the parameter, by storing it in an alloca. Mutations to "grid_constant" parameters
//    are undefined behaviour, and don't require local copies.
//
//    define void @foo(ptr byval(%struct.s) align 4 %input) {
//       store i32 42, ptr %input
//       ret void
//    }
//
//    becomes
//
//    define void @foo(ptr byval(%struct.s) align 4 %input) #1 {
//      %input1 = alloca %struct.s, align 4
//      %input2 = addrspacecast ptr %input to ptr addrspace(101)
//      %input3 = load %struct.s, ptr addrspace(101) %input2, align 4
//      store %struct.s %input3, ptr %input1, align 4
//      store i32 42, ptr %input1, align 4
//      ret void
//    }
//
//    If %input were passed to a device function, or written to memory,
//    conservatively assume that %input gets mutated, and create a local copy.
//
//    Convert param pointers to grid_constant byval kernel parameters that are
//    passed into calls (device functions, intrinsics, inline asm), or otherwise
//    "escape" (into stores/ptrtoints) to the generic address space, using the
//    `nvvm.ptr.param.to.gen` intrinsic, so that NVPTX emits cvta.param
//    (available for sm70+)
//
//    define void @foo(ptr byval(%struct.s) %input) {
//      ; %input is a grid_constant
//      %call = call i32 @escape(ptr %input)
//      ret void
//    }
//
//    becomes
//
//    define void @foo(ptr byval(%struct.s) %input) {
//      %input1 = addrspacecast ptr %input to ptr addrspace(101)
//      ; the following intrinsic converts pointer to generic. We don't use an addrspacecast
//      ; to prevent generic -> param -> generic from getting cancelled out
//      %input1.gen = call ptr @llvm.nvvm.ptr.param.to.gen.p0.p101(ptr addrspace(101) %input1)
//      %call = call i32 @escape(ptr %input1.gen)
//      ret void
//    }
//
// TODO: merge this pass with NVPTXInferAddressSpaces so that other passes don't
// cancel the addrspacecast pair this pass emits.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
#include "MCTargetDesc/NVPTXBaseInfo.h"
#include "NVPTX.h"
#include "NVPTXTargetMachine.h"
#include "NVPTXUtilities.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVectorExtras.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/PtrUseVisitor.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/ValueTracking.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/TargetPassConfig.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Attributes.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Function.h"
#include "llvm/IR/IRBuilder.h"
#include "llvm/IR/InstIterator.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Instructions.h"
#include "llvm/IR/IntrinsicInst.h"
#include "llvm/IR/IntrinsicsNVPTX.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Type.h"
#include "llvm/InitializePasses.h"
#include "llvm/Pass.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Debug.h"
#include "llvm/Support/ErrorHandling.h"
#include "llvm/Support/NVPTXAddrSpace.h"
#include <numeric>
#include <queue>
 
#define DEBUG_TYPE "nvptx-lower-args"
 
using namespace llvm;
 
namespace {
class NVPTXLowerArgsLegacyPass : public FunctionPass {
  bool runOnFunction(Function &F) override;
 
public:
  static char ID; // Pass identification, replacement for typeid
  NVPTXLowerArgsLegacyPass() : FunctionPass(ID) {}
  StringRef getPassName() const override {
    return "Lower pointer arguments of CUDA kernels";
  }
  void getAnalysisUsage(AnalysisUsage &AU) const override {
    AU.addRequired<TargetPassConfig>();
  }
};
} // namespace
 
char NVPTXLowerArgsLegacyPass::ID = 1;
 
INITIALIZE_PASS_BEGIN(NVPTXLowerArgsLegacyPass, "nvptx-lower-args",
                      "Lower arguments (NVPTX)", false, false)
INITIALIZE_PASS_DEPENDENCY(TargetPassConfig)
INITIALIZE_PASS_END(NVPTXLowerArgsLegacyPass, "nvptx-lower-args",
                    "Lower arguments (NVPTX)", false, false)
 
// =============================================================================
// If the function had a byval struct ptr arg, say foo(ptr byval(%struct.x) %d),
// and we can't guarantee that the only accesses are loads,
// then add the following instructions to the first basic block:
//
// %temp = alloca %struct.x, align 8
// %tempd = addrspacecast ptr %d to ptr addrspace(101)
// %tv = load %struct.x, ptr addrspace(101) %tempd
// store %struct.x %tv, ptr %temp, align 8
//
// The above code allocates some space in the stack and copies the incoming
// struct from param space to local space.
// Then replace all occurrences of %d by %temp.
//
// In case we know that all users are GEPs or Loads, replace them with the same
// ones in parameter AS, so we can access them using ld.param.
// =============================================================================
 
/// Recursively convert the users of a param to the param address space.
static void convertToParamAS(ArrayRef<Use *> OldUses, Value *Param) {
  struct IP {
    Use *OldUse;
    Value *NewParam;
  };
 
  const auto CloneInstInParamAS = [](const IP &I) -> Value * {
    auto *OldInst = cast<Instruction>(I.OldUse->getUser());
    if (auto *LI = dyn_cast<LoadInst>(OldInst)) {
      LI->setOperand(0, I.NewParam);
      return LI;
    }
    if (auto *GEP = dyn_cast<GetElementPtrInst>(OldInst)) {
      SmallVector<Value *, 4> Indices(GEP->indices());
      auto *NewGEP = GetElementPtrInst::Create(
          GEP->getSourceElementType(), I.NewParam, Indices, GEP->getName(),
          GEP->getIterator());
      NewGEP->setNoWrapFlags(GEP->getNoWrapFlags());
      return NewGEP;
    }
    if (auto *BC = dyn_cast<BitCastInst>(OldInst)) {
      auto *NewBCType = PointerType::get(BC->getContext(), ADDRESS_SPACE_PARAM);
      return BitCastInst::Create(BC->getOpcode(), I.NewParam, NewBCType,
                                 BC->getName(), BC->getIterator());
    }
    if (auto *ASC = dyn_cast<AddrSpaceCastInst>(OldInst)) {
      assert(ASC->getDestAddressSpace() == ADDRESS_SPACE_PARAM);
      (void)ASC;
      // Just pass through the argument, the old ASC is no longer needed.
      return I.NewParam;
    }
    if (auto *MI = dyn_cast<MemTransferInst>(OldInst)) {
      if (MI->getRawSource() == I.OldUse->get()) {
        // convert to memcpy/memmove from param space.
        IRBuilder<> Builder(OldInst);
        Intrinsic::ID ID = MI->getIntrinsicID();
 
        CallInst *B = Builder.CreateMemTransferInst(
            ID, MI->getRawDest(), MI->getDestAlign(), I.NewParam,
            MI->getSourceAlign(), MI->getLength(), MI->isVolatile());
        for (unsigned I : {0, 1})
          if (uint64_t Bytes = MI->getParamDereferenceableBytes(I))
            B->addDereferenceableParamAttr(I, Bytes);
        return B;
      }
    }
 
    llvm_unreachable("Unsupported instruction");
  };
 
  auto ItemsToConvert =
      map_to_vector(OldUses, [=](Use *U) -> IP { return {U, Param}; });
  SmallVector<Instruction *> InstructionsToDelete;
 
  while (!ItemsToConvert.empty()) {
    IP I = ItemsToConvert.pop_back_val();
    Value *NewInst = CloneInstInParamAS(I);
    Instruction *OldInst = cast<Instruction>(I.OldUse->getUser());
 
    if (NewInst && NewInst != OldInst) {
      // We've created a new instruction. Queue users of the old instruction to
      // be converted and the instruction itself to be deleted. We can't delete
      // the old instruction yet, because it's still in use by a load somewhere.
      for (Use &U : OldInst->uses())
        ItemsToConvert.push_back({&U, NewInst});
 
      InstructionsToDelete.push_back(OldInst);
    }
  }
 
  // Now we know that all argument loads are using addresses in parameter space
  // and we can finally remove the old instructions in generic AS. Instructions
  // scheduled for removal should be processed in reverse order so the ones
  // closest to the load are deleted first. Otherwise they may still be in use.
  // E.g if we have Value = Load(BitCast(GEP(arg))), InstructionsToDelete will
  // have {GEP,BitCast}. GEP can't be deleted first, because it's still used by
  // the BitCast.
  for (Instruction *I : llvm::reverse(InstructionsToDelete))
    I->eraseFromParent();
}
 
static Align setByValParamAlign(Argument *Arg, const NVPTXTargetLowering *TLI) {
  Function *F = Arg->getParent();
  Type *ByValType = Arg->getParamByValType();
  const DataLayout &DL = F->getDataLayout();
 
  const Align OptimizedAlign =
      TLI->getFunctionParamOptimizedAlign(F, ByValType, DL);
  const Align CurrentAlign = Arg->getParamAlign().valueOrOne();
 
  if (CurrentAlign >= OptimizedAlign)
    return CurrentAlign;
 
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Try to use alignment " << OptimizedAlign.value()
                    << " instead of " << CurrentAlign.value() << " for " << *Arg
                    << '\n');
 
  Arg->removeAttr(Attribute::Alignment);
  Arg->addAttr(Attribute::getWithAlignment(F->getContext(), OptimizedAlign));
 
  return OptimizedAlign;
}
 
// Adjust alignment of arguments passed byval in .param address space. We can
// increase alignment of such arguments in a way that ensures that we can
// effectively vectorize their loads. We should also traverse all loads from
// byval pointer and adjust their alignment, if those were using known offset.
// Such alignment changes must be conformed with parameter store and load in
// NVPTXTargetLowering::LowerCall.
static void propagateAlignmentToLoads(Value *Val, Align NewAlign,
                                      const DataLayout &DL) {
  struct Load {
    LoadInst *Inst;
    uint64_t Offset;
  };
 
  struct LoadContext {
    Value *InitialVal;
    uint64_t Offset;
  };
 
  SmallVector<Load> Loads;
  std::queue<LoadContext> Worklist;
  Worklist.push({Val, 0});
 
  while (!Worklist.empty()) {
    LoadContext Ctx = Worklist.front();
    Worklist.pop();
 
    for (User *CurUser : Ctx.InitialVal->users()) {
      if (auto *I = dyn_cast<LoadInst>(CurUser))
        Loads.push_back({I, Ctx.Offset});
      else if (isa<BitCastInst>(CurUser) || isa<AddrSpaceCastInst>(CurUser))
        Worklist.push({cast<Instruction>(CurUser), Ctx.Offset});
      else if (auto *I = dyn_cast<GetElementPtrInst>(CurUser)) {
        APInt OffsetAccumulated =
            APInt::getZero(DL.getIndexSizeInBits(ADDRESS_SPACE_PARAM));
 
        if (!I->accumulateConstantOffset(DL, OffsetAccumulated))
          continue;
 
        uint64_t OffsetLimit = -1;
        uint64_t Offset = OffsetAccumulated.getLimitedValue(OffsetLimit);
        assert(Offset != OffsetLimit && "Expect Offset less than UINT64_MAX");
 
        Worklist.push({I, Ctx.Offset + Offset});
      }
    }
  }
 
  for (Load &CurLoad : Loads) {
    Align NewLoadAlign = commonAlignment(NewAlign, CurLoad.Offset);
    Align CurLoadAlign = CurLoad.Inst->getAlign();
    CurLoad.Inst->setAlignment(std::max(NewLoadAlign, CurLoadAlign));
  }
}
 
// Create a call to the nvvm_internal_addrspace_wrap intrinsic and set the
// alignment of the return value based on the alignment of the argument.
static CallInst *createNVVMInternalAddrspaceWrap(IRBuilder<> &IRB,
                                                 Argument &Arg) {
  CallInst *ArgInParam =
      IRB.CreateIntrinsic(Intrinsic::nvvm_internal_addrspace_wrap,
                          {IRB.getPtrTy(ADDRESS_SPACE_PARAM), Arg.getType()},
                          &Arg, {}, Arg.getName() + ".param");
 
  if (MaybeAlign ParamAlign = Arg.getParamAlign())
    ArgInParam->addRetAttr(
        Attribute::getWithAlignment(ArgInParam->getContext(), *ParamAlign));
 
  Arg.addAttr(Attribute::get(Arg.getContext(), "nvvm.grid_constant"));
  Arg.addAttr(Attribute::ReadOnly);
 
  return ArgInParam;
}
 
namespace {
struct ArgUseChecker : PtrUseVisitor<ArgUseChecker> {
  using Base = PtrUseVisitor<ArgUseChecker>;
  // Set of phi/select instructions using the Arg
  SmallPtrSet<Instruction *, 4> Conditionals;
 
  ArgUseChecker(const DataLayout &DL) : PtrUseVisitor(DL) {}
 
  PtrInfo visitArgPtr(Argument &A) {
    assert(A.getType()->isPointerTy());
    IntegerType *IntIdxTy = cast<IntegerType>(DL.getIndexType(A.getType()));
    IsOffsetKnown = false;
    Offset = APInt(IntIdxTy->getBitWidth(), 0);
    PI.reset();
 
    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Checking Argument " << A << "\n");
    // Enqueue the uses of this pointer.
    enqueueUsers(A);
 
    // Visit all the uses off the worklist until it is empty.
    // Note that unlike PtrUseVisitor we intentionally do not track offsets.
    // We're only interested in how we use the pointer.
    while (!(Worklist.empty() || PI.isAborted())) {
      UseToVisit ToVisit = Worklist.pop_back_val();
      U = ToVisit.UseAndIsOffsetKnown.getPointer();
      Instruction *I = cast<Instruction>(U->getUser());
      LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Processing " << *I << "\n");
      Base::visit(I);
    }
    if (PI.isEscaped())
      LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Argument pointer escaped: " << *PI.getEscapingInst()
                        << "\n");
    else if (PI.isAborted())
      LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Pointer use needs a copy: " << *PI.getAbortingInst()
                        << "\n");
    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Traversed " << Conditionals.size()
                      << " conditionals\n");
    return PI;
  }
 
  void visitStoreInst(StoreInst &SI) {
    // Storing the pointer escapes it.
    if (U->get() == SI.getValueOperand())
      return PI.setEscapedAndAborted(&SI);
 
    PI.setAborted(&SI);
  }
 
  void visitAddrSpaceCastInst(AddrSpaceCastInst &ASC) {
    // ASC to param space are no-ops and do not need a copy
    if (ASC.getDestAddressSpace() != ADDRESS_SPACE_PARAM)
      return PI.setEscapedAndAborted(&ASC);
    Base::visitAddrSpaceCastInst(ASC);
  }
 
  void visitPtrToIntInst(PtrToIntInst &I) { Base::visitPtrToIntInst(I); }
 
  void visitPHINodeOrSelectInst(Instruction &I) {
    assert(isa<PHINode>(I) || isa<SelectInst>(I));
    enqueueUsers(I);
    Conditionals.insert(&I);
  }
  // PHI and select just pass through the pointers.
  void visitPHINode(PHINode &PN) { visitPHINodeOrSelectInst(PN); }
  void visitSelectInst(SelectInst &SI) { visitPHINodeOrSelectInst(SI); }
 
  // memcpy/memmove are OK when the pointer is source. We can convert them to
  // AS-specific memcpy.
  void visitMemTransferInst(MemTransferInst &II) {
    if (*U == II.getRawDest())
      PI.setAborted(&II);
  }
 
  void visitMemSetInst(MemSetInst &II) { PI.setAborted(&II); }
}; // struct ArgUseChecker
 
void copyByValParam(Function &F, Argument &Arg) {
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Creating a local copy of " << Arg << "\n");
  Type *ByValType = Arg.getParamByValType();
  const DataLayout &DL = F.getDataLayout();
  IRBuilder<> IRB(&F.getEntryBlock().front());
  AllocaInst *AllocA = IRB.CreateAlloca(ByValType, nullptr, Arg.getName());
  // Set the alignment to alignment of the byval parameter. This is because,
  // later load/stores assume that alignment, and we are going to replace
  // the use of the byval parameter with this alloca instruction.
  AllocA->setAlignment(
      Arg.getParamAlign().value_or(DL.getPrefTypeAlign(ByValType)));
  Arg.replaceAllUsesWith(AllocA);
 
  Value *ArgInParamAS = createNVVMInternalAddrspaceWrap(IRB, Arg);
 
  // Be sure to propagate alignment to this load; LLVM doesn't know that NVPTX
  // addrspacecast preserves alignment.  Since params are constant, this load
  // is definitely not volatile.
  const auto ArgSize = *AllocA->getAllocationSize(DL);
  IRB.CreateMemCpy(AllocA, AllocA->getAlign(), ArgInParamAS, AllocA->getAlign(),
                   ArgSize);
}
} // namespace
 
static bool argIsProcessed(Argument *Arg) {
  if (Arg->use_empty())
    return true;
 
  // If the argument is already wrapped, it was processed by this pass before.
  if (Arg->hasOneUse())
    if (const auto *II = dyn_cast<IntrinsicInst>(*Arg->user_begin()))
      if (II->getIntrinsicID() == Intrinsic::nvvm_internal_addrspace_wrap)
        return true;
 
  return false;
}
 
static void handleByValParam(const NVPTXTargetMachine &TM, Argument *Arg) {
  Function *F = Arg->getParent();
  assert(isKernelFunction(*F));
  const NVPTXSubtarget *ST = TM.getSubtargetImpl(*F);
 
  const DataLayout &DL = F->getDataLayout();
  IRBuilder<> IRB(&F->getEntryBlock().front());
 
  if (argIsProcessed(Arg))
    return;
 
  const Align NewArgAlign = setByValParamAlign(Arg, ST->getTargetLowering());
 
  // (1) First check the easy case, if were able to trace through all the uses
  // and we can convert them all to param AS, then we'll do this.
  ArgUseChecker AUC(DL);
  ArgUseChecker::PtrInfo PI = AUC.visitArgPtr(*Arg);
  const bool ArgUseIsReadOnly = !(PI.isEscaped() || PI.isAborted());
  if (ArgUseIsReadOnly && AUC.Conditionals.empty()) {
    // Convert all loads and intermediate operations to use parameter AS and
    // skip creation of a local copy of the argument.
    SmallVector<Use *, 16> UsesToUpdate(llvm::make_pointer_range(Arg->uses()));
    Value *ArgInParamAS = createNVVMInternalAddrspaceWrap(IRB, *Arg);
    for (Use *U : UsesToUpdate)
      convertToParamAS(U, ArgInParamAS);
 
    propagateAlignmentToLoads(ArgInParamAS, NewArgAlign, DL);
    return;
  }
 
  // (2) If the argument is grid constant, we get to use the pointer directly.
  if (ST->hasCvtaParam() && (ArgUseIsReadOnly || isParamGridConstant(*Arg))) {
    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Using non-copy pointer to " << *Arg << "\n");
 
    // Cast argument to param address space. Because the backend will emit the
    // argument already in the param address space, we need to use the noop
    // intrinsic, this had the added benefit of preventing other optimizations
    // from folding away this pair of addrspacecasts.
    Instruction *ArgInParamAS = createNVVMInternalAddrspaceWrap(IRB, *Arg);
 
    // Cast param address to generic address space.
    Value *GenericArg = IRB.CreateAddrSpaceCast(
        ArgInParamAS, IRB.getPtrTy(ADDRESS_SPACE_GENERIC),
        Arg->getName() + ".gen");
 
    Arg->replaceAllUsesWith(GenericArg);
 
    // Do not replace Arg in the cast to param space
    ArgInParamAS->setOperand(0, Arg);
    return;
  }
 
  // (3) Otherwise we have to create a copy of the argument in local memory.
  copyByValParam(*F, *Arg);
}
 
static void markPointerAsAS(Value *Ptr, const unsigned AS) {
  if (Ptr->getType()->getPointerAddressSpace() != ADDRESS_SPACE_GENERIC)
    return;
 
  // Deciding where to emit the addrspacecast pair.
  BasicBlock::iterator InsertPt;
  if (Argument *Arg = dyn_cast<Argument>(Ptr)) {
    // Insert at the functon entry if Ptr is an argument.
    InsertPt = Arg->getParent()->getEntryBlock().begin();
  } else {
    // Insert right after Ptr if Ptr is an instruction.
    InsertPt = ++cast<Instruction>(Ptr)->getIterator();
    assert(InsertPt != InsertPt->getParent()->end() &&
           "We don't call this function with Ptr being a terminator.");
  }
 
  Instruction *PtrInGlobal = new AddrSpaceCastInst(
      Ptr, PointerType::get(Ptr->getContext(), AS), Ptr->getName(), InsertPt);
  Value *PtrInGeneric = new AddrSpaceCastInst(PtrInGlobal, Ptr->getType(),
                                              Ptr->getName(), InsertPt);
  // Replace with PtrInGeneric all uses of Ptr except PtrInGlobal.
  Ptr->replaceAllUsesWith(PtrInGeneric);
  PtrInGlobal->setOperand(0, Ptr);
}
 
static void markPointerAsGlobal(Value *Ptr) {
  markPointerAsAS(Ptr, ADDRESS_SPACE_GLOBAL);
}
 
static void handleIntToPtr(Value &V) {
  if (!all_of(V.users(), [](User *U) { return isa<IntToPtrInst>(U); }))
    return;
 
  SmallVector<User *, 16> UsersToUpdate(V.users());
  for (User *U : UsersToUpdate)
    markPointerAsGlobal(U);
}
 
// =============================================================================
// Main function for this pass.
// =============================================================================
static bool runOnKernelFunction(const NVPTXTargetMachine &TM, Function &F) {
  // Copying of byval aggregates + SROA may result in pointers being loaded as
  // integers, followed by intotoptr. We may want to mark those as global, too,
  // but only if the loaded integer is used exclusively for conversion to a
  // pointer with inttoptr.
  if (TM.getDrvInterface() == NVPTX::CUDA) {
    // Mark pointers in byval structs as global.
    for (auto &I : instructions(F)) {
      auto *LI = dyn_cast<LoadInst>(&I);
      if (!LI)
        continue;
 
      if (LI->getType()->isPointerTy() || LI->getType()->isIntegerTy()) {
        Value *UO = getUnderlyingObject(LI->getPointerOperand());
        if (Argument *Arg = dyn_cast<Argument>(UO)) {
          if (Arg->hasByValAttr()) {
            // LI is a load from a pointer within a byval kernel parameter.
            if (LI->getType()->isPointerTy())
              markPointerAsGlobal(LI);
            else
              handleIntToPtr(*LI);
          }
        }
      }
    }
 
    for (Argument &Arg : F.args())
      if (Arg.getType()->isIntegerTy())
        handleIntToPtr(Arg);
  }
 
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Lowering kernel args of " << F.getName() << "\n");
  for (Argument &Arg : F.args())
    if (Arg.hasByValAttr())
      handleByValParam(TM, &Arg);
 
  return true;
}
 
// Device functions only need to copy byval args into local memory.
static bool runOnDeviceFunction(const NVPTXTargetMachine &TM, Function &F) {
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Lowering function args of " << F.getName() << "\n");
 
  const NVPTXTargetLowering *TLI = TM.getSubtargetImpl()->getTargetLowering();
  const DataLayout &DL = F.getDataLayout();
 
  for (Argument &Arg : F.args())
    if (Arg.hasByValAttr()) {
      const Align NewArgAlign = setByValParamAlign(&Arg, TLI);
      propagateAlignmentToLoads(&Arg, NewArgAlign, DL);
    }
 
  return true;
}
 
static bool processFunction(Function &F, NVPTXTargetMachine &TM) {
  return isKernelFunction(F) ? runOnKernelFunction(TM, F)
                             : runOnDeviceFunction(TM, F);
}
 
bool NVPTXLowerArgsLegacyPass::runOnFunction(Function &F) {
  auto &TM = getAnalysis<TargetPassConfig>().getTM<NVPTXTargetMachine>();
  return processFunction(F, TM);
}
FunctionPass *llvm::createNVPTXLowerArgsPass() {
  return new NVPTXLowerArgsLegacyPass();
}
 
static bool copyFunctionByValArgs(Function &F) {
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Creating a copy of byval args of " << F.getName()
                    << "\n");
  bool Changed = false;
  if (isKernelFunction(F)) {
    for (Argument &Arg : F.args())
      if (Arg.hasByValAttr() && !isParamGridConstant(Arg)) {
        copyByValParam(F, Arg);
        Changed = true;
      }
  }
  return Changed;
}
 
PreservedAnalyses NVPTXCopyByValArgsPass::run(Function &F,
                                              FunctionAnalysisManager &AM) {
  return copyFunctionByValArgs(F) ? PreservedAnalyses::none()
                                  : PreservedAnalyses::all();
}
 
PreservedAnalyses NVPTXLowerArgsPass::run(Function &F,
                                          FunctionAnalysisManager &AM) {
  auto &NTM = static_cast<NVPTXTargetMachine &>(TM);
  bool Changed = processFunction(F, NTM);
  return Changed ? PreservedAnalyses::none() : PreservedAnalyses::all();
}