LLVM 19.0.0git
FunctionSpecialization.h
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1//===- FunctionSpecialization.h - Function Specialization -----------------===//
2//
3// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
4// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
5// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
6//
7//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
8//
9// Overview:
10// ---------
11// Function Specialization is a transformation which propagates the constant
12// parameters of a function call from the caller to the callee. It is part of
13// the Inter-Procedural Sparse Conditional Constant Propagation (IPSCCP) pass.
14// The transformation runs iteratively a number of times which is controlled
15// by the option `funcspec-max-iters`. Running it multiple times is needed
16// for specializing recursive functions, but also exposes new opportunities
17// arising from specializations which return constant values or contain calls
18// which can be specialized.
19//
20// Function Specialization supports propagating constant parameters like
21// function pointers, literal constants and addresses of global variables.
22// By propagating function pointers, indirect calls become direct calls. This
23// exposes inlining opportunities which we would have otherwise missed. That's
24// why function specialization is run before the inliner in the optimization
25// pipeline; that is by design.
26//
27// Cost Model:
28// -----------
29// The cost model facilitates a utility for estimating the specialization bonus
30// from propagating a constant argument. This is the InstCostVisitor, a class
31// that inherits from the InstVisitor. The bonus itself is expressed as codesize
32// and latency savings. Codesize savings means the amount of code that becomes
33// dead in the specialization from propagating the constant, whereas latency
34// savings represents the cycles we are saving from replacing instructions with
35// constant values. The InstCostVisitor overrides a set of `visit*` methods to
36// be able to handle different types of instructions. These attempt to constant-
37// fold the instruction in which case a constant is returned and propagated
38// further.
39//
40// Function pointers are not handled by the InstCostVisitor. They are treated
41// separately as they could expose inlining opportunities via indirect call
42// promotion. The inlining bonus contributes to the total specialization score.
43//
44// For a specialization to be profitable its bonus needs to exceed a minimum
45// threshold. There are three options for controlling the threshold which are
46// expressed as percentages of the original function size:
47// * funcspec-min-codesize-savings
48// * funcspec-min-latency-savings
49// * funcspec-min-inlining-bonus
50// There's also an option for controlling the codesize growth from recursive
51// specializations. That is `funcspec-max-codesize-growth`.
52//
53// Once we have all the potential specializations with their score we need to
54// choose the best ones, which fit in the module specialization budget. That
55// is controlled by the option `funcspec-max-clones`. To find the best `NSpec`
56// specializations we use a max-heap. For more details refer to D139346.
57//
58// Ideas:
59// ------
60// - With a function specialization attribute for arguments, we could have
61// a direct way to steer function specialization, avoiding the cost-model,
62// and thus control compile-times / code-size.
63//
64// - Perhaps a post-inlining function specialization pass could be more
65// aggressive on literal constants.
66//
67// References:
68// -----------
69// 2021 LLVM Dev Mtg “Introducing function specialisation, and can we enable
70// it by default?”, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJiCjeXgV5Q
71//
72//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
73
74#ifndef LLVM_TRANSFORMS_IPO_FUNCTIONSPECIALIZATION_H
75#define LLVM_TRANSFORMS_IPO_FUNCTIONSPECIALIZATION_H
76
81#include "llvm/IR/InstVisitor.h"
86
87namespace llvm {
88// Map of potential specializations for each function. The FunctionSpecializer
89// keeps the discovered specialisation opportunities for the module in a single
90// vector, where the specialisations of each function form a contiguous range.
91// This map's value is the beginning and the end of that range.
93
94// Just a shorter abbreviation to improve indentation.
96
97// Map of known constants found during the specialization bonus estimation.
99
100// Specialization signature, used to uniquely designate a specialization within
101// a function.
102struct SpecSig {
103 // Hashing support, used to distinguish between ordinary, empty, or tombstone
104 // keys.
105 unsigned Key = 0;
107
108 bool operator==(const SpecSig &Other) const {
109 if (Key != Other.Key)
110 return false;
111 return Args == Other.Args;
112 }
113
114 friend hash_code hash_value(const SpecSig &S) {
115 return hash_combine(hash_value(S.Key),
116 hash_combine_range(S.Args.begin(), S.Args.end()));
117 }
118};
119
120// Specialization instance.
121struct Spec {
122 // Original function.
124
125 // Cloned function, a specialized version of the original one.
126 Function *Clone = nullptr;
127
128 // Specialization signature.
130
131 // Profitability of the specialization.
132 unsigned Score;
133
134 // List of call sites, matching this specialization.
136
137 Spec(Function *F, const SpecSig &S, unsigned Score)
138 : F(F), Sig(S), Score(Score) {}
139 Spec(Function *F, const SpecSig &&S, unsigned Score)
140 : F(F), Sig(S), Score(Score) {}
141};
142
143struct Bonus {
144 unsigned CodeSize = 0;
145 unsigned Latency = 0;
146
147 Bonus() = default;
148
150 int64_t Sz = *CodeSize.getValue();
151 int64_t Ltc = *Latency.getValue();
152
153 assert(Sz >= 0 && Ltc >= 0 && "CodeSize and Latency cannot be negative");
154 // It is safe to down cast since we know the arguments
155 // cannot be negative and Cost is of type int64_t.
156 this->CodeSize = static_cast<unsigned>(Sz);
157 this->Latency = static_cast<unsigned>(Ltc);
158 }
159
161 CodeSize += RHS.CodeSize;
162 Latency += RHS.Latency;
163 return *this;
164 }
165
166 Bonus operator+(const Bonus RHS) const {
167 return Bonus(CodeSize + RHS.CodeSize, Latency + RHS.Latency);
168 }
169
170 bool operator==(const Bonus RHS) const {
171 return CodeSize == RHS.CodeSize && Latency == RHS.Latency;
172 }
173};
174
175class InstCostVisitor : public InstVisitor<InstCostVisitor, Constant *> {
176 const DataLayout &DL;
179 SCCPSolver &Solver;
180
181 ConstMap KnownConstants;
182 // Basic blocks known to be unreachable after constant propagation.
183 DenseSet<BasicBlock *> DeadBlocks;
184 // PHI nodes we have visited before.
185 DenseSet<Instruction *> VisitedPHIs;
186 // PHI nodes we have visited once without successfully constant folding them.
187 // Once the InstCostVisitor has processed all the specialization arguments,
188 // it should be possible to determine whether those PHIs can be folded
189 // (some of their incoming values may have become constant or dead).
190 SmallVector<Instruction *> PendingPHIs;
191
192 ConstMap::iterator LastVisited;
193
194public:
197 : DL(DL), BFI(BFI), TTI(TTI), Solver(Solver) {}
198
200 return Solver.isBlockExecutable(BB) && !DeadBlocks.contains(BB);
201 }
202
204
206
207private:
208 friend class InstVisitor<InstCostVisitor, Constant *>;
209
210 static bool canEliminateSuccessor(BasicBlock *BB, BasicBlock *Succ,
211 DenseSet<BasicBlock *> &DeadBlocks);
212
213 Bonus getUserBonus(Instruction *User, Value *Use = nullptr,
214 Constant *C = nullptr);
215
216 Cost estimateBasicBlocks(SmallVectorImpl<BasicBlock *> &WorkList);
217 Cost estimateSwitchInst(SwitchInst &I);
218 Cost estimateBranchInst(BranchInst &I);
219
220 // Transitively Incoming Values (TIV) is a set of Values that can "feed" a
221 // value to the initial PHI-node. It is defined like this:
222 //
223 // * the initial PHI-node belongs to TIV.
224 //
225 // * for every PHI-node in TIV, its operands belong to TIV
226 //
227 // If TIV for the initial PHI-node (P) contains more than one constant or a
228 // value that is not a PHI-node, then P cannot be folded to a constant.
229 //
230 // As soon as we detect these cases, we bail, without constructing the
231 // full TIV.
232 // Otherwise P can be folded to the one constant in TIV.
233 bool discoverTransitivelyIncomingValues(Constant *Const, PHINode *Root,
234 DenseSet<PHINode *> &TransitivePHIs);
235
236 Constant *visitInstruction(Instruction &I) { return nullptr; }
237 Constant *visitPHINode(PHINode &I);
238 Constant *visitFreezeInst(FreezeInst &I);
239 Constant *visitCallBase(CallBase &I);
240 Constant *visitLoadInst(LoadInst &I);
241 Constant *visitGetElementPtrInst(GetElementPtrInst &I);
242 Constant *visitSelectInst(SelectInst &I);
243 Constant *visitCastInst(CastInst &I);
244 Constant *visitCmpInst(CmpInst &I);
245 Constant *visitUnaryOperator(UnaryOperator &I);
246 Constant *visitBinaryOperator(BinaryOperator &I);
247};
248
250
251 /// The IPSCCP Solver.
252 SCCPSolver &Solver;
253
254 Module &M;
255
256 /// Analysis manager, needed to invalidate analyses.
258
259 /// Analyses used to help determine if a function should be specialized.
260 std::function<BlockFrequencyInfo &(Function &)> GetBFI;
261 std::function<const TargetLibraryInfo &(Function &)> GetTLI;
262 std::function<TargetTransformInfo &(Function &)> GetTTI;
263 std::function<AssumptionCache &(Function &)> GetAC;
264
265 SmallPtrSet<Function *, 32> Specializations;
266 SmallPtrSet<Function *, 32> FullySpecialized;
267 DenseMap<Function *, CodeMetrics> FunctionMetrics;
268 DenseMap<Function *, unsigned> FunctionGrowth;
269 unsigned NGlobals = 0;
270
271public:
273 SCCPSolver &Solver, Module &M, FunctionAnalysisManager *FAM,
274 std::function<BlockFrequencyInfo &(Function &)> GetBFI,
275 std::function<const TargetLibraryInfo &(Function &)> GetTLI,
276 std::function<TargetTransformInfo &(Function &)> GetTTI,
277 std::function<AssumptionCache &(Function &)> GetAC)
278 : Solver(Solver), M(M), FAM(FAM), GetBFI(GetBFI), GetTLI(GetTLI),
279 GetTTI(GetTTI), GetAC(GetAC) {}
280
282
283 bool run();
284
286 auto &BFI = GetBFI(*F);
287 auto &TTI = GetTTI(*F);
288 return InstCostVisitor(M.getDataLayout(), BFI, TTI, Solver);
289 }
290
291private:
292 Constant *getPromotableAlloca(AllocaInst *Alloca, CallInst *Call);
293
294 /// A constant stack value is an AllocaInst that has a single constant
295 /// value stored to it. Return this constant if such an alloca stack value
296 /// is a function argument.
297 Constant *getConstantStackValue(CallInst *Call, Value *Val);
298
299 /// See if there are any new constant values for the callers of \p F via
300 /// stack variables and promote them to global variables.
301 void promoteConstantStackValues(Function *F);
302
303 /// Clean up fully specialized functions.
304 void removeDeadFunctions();
305
306 /// Remove any ssa_copy intrinsics that may have been introduced.
307 void cleanUpSSA();
308
309 /// @brief Find potential specialization opportunities.
310 /// @param F Function to specialize
311 /// @param FuncSize Cost of specializing a function.
312 /// @param AllSpecs A vector to add potential specializations to.
313 /// @param SM A map for a function's specialisation range
314 /// @return True, if any potential specializations were found
315 bool findSpecializations(Function *F, unsigned FuncSize,
316 SmallVectorImpl<Spec> &AllSpecs, SpecMap &SM);
317
318 /// Compute the inlining bonus for replacing argument \p A with constant \p C.
319 unsigned getInliningBonus(Argument *A, Constant *C);
320
321 bool isCandidateFunction(Function *F);
322
323 /// @brief Create a specialization of \p F and prime the SCCPSolver
324 /// @param F Function to specialize
325 /// @param S Which specialization to create
326 /// @return The new, cloned function
327 Function *createSpecialization(Function *F, const SpecSig &S);
328
329 /// Determine if it is possible to specialise the function for constant values
330 /// of the formal parameter \p A.
331 bool isArgumentInteresting(Argument *A);
332
333 /// Check if the value \p V (an actual argument) is a constant or can only
334 /// have a constant value. Return that constant.
335 Constant *getCandidateConstant(Value *V);
336
337 /// @brief Find and update calls to \p F, which match a specialization
338 /// @param F Orginal function
339 /// @param Begin Start of a range of possibly matching specialisations
340 /// @param End End of a range (exclusive) of possibly matching specialisations
341 void updateCallSites(Function *F, const Spec *Begin, const Spec *End);
342};
343} // namespace llvm
344
345#endif // LLVM_TRANSFORMS_IPO_FUNCTIONSPECIALIZATION_H
MachineBasicBlock MachineBasicBlock::iterator DebugLoc DL
static GCRegistry::Add< ErlangGC > A("erlang", "erlang-compatible garbage collector")
bool End
Definition: ELF_riscv.cpp:480
#define F(x, y, z)
Definition: MD5.cpp:55
#define I(x, y, z)
Definition: MD5.cpp:58
FunctionAnalysisManager FAM
assert(ImpDefSCC.getReg()==AMDGPU::SCC &&ImpDefSCC.isDef())
This pass exposes codegen information to IR-level passes.
Value * RHS
an instruction to allocate memory on the stack
Definition: Instructions.h:59
A container for analyses that lazily runs them and caches their results.
Definition: PassManager.h:348
This class represents an incoming formal argument to a Function.
Definition: Argument.h:31
A cache of @llvm.assume calls within a function.
LLVM Basic Block Representation.
Definition: BasicBlock.h:60
BlockFrequencyInfo pass uses BlockFrequencyInfoImpl implementation to estimate IR basic block frequen...
Conditional or Unconditional Branch instruction.
Base class for all callable instructions (InvokeInst and CallInst) Holds everything related to callin...
Definition: InstrTypes.h:1461
This class represents a function call, abstracting a target machine's calling convention.
This is the base class for all instructions that perform data casts.
Definition: InstrTypes.h:574
This class is the base class for the comparison instructions.
Definition: InstrTypes.h:950
This is an important base class in LLVM.
Definition: Constant.h:41
A parsed version of the target data layout string in and methods for querying it.
Definition: DataLayout.h:110
Implements a dense probed hash-table based set.
Definition: DenseSet.h:271
This class represents a freeze function that returns random concrete value if an operand is either a ...
bool run()
Attempt to specialize functions in the module to enable constant propagation across function boundari...
FunctionSpecializer(SCCPSolver &Solver, Module &M, FunctionAnalysisManager *FAM, std::function< BlockFrequencyInfo &(Function &)> GetBFI, std::function< const TargetLibraryInfo &(Function &)> GetTLI, std::function< TargetTransformInfo &(Function &)> GetTTI, std::function< AssumptionCache &(Function &)> GetAC)
InstCostVisitor getInstCostVisitorFor(Function *F)
an instruction for type-safe pointer arithmetic to access elements of arrays and structs
Definition: Instructions.h:973
bool isBlockExecutable(BasicBlock *BB)
Bonus getSpecializationBonus(Argument *A, Constant *C)
Compute a bonus for replacing argument A with constant C.
InstCostVisitor(const DataLayout &DL, BlockFrequencyInfo &BFI, TargetTransformInfo &TTI, SCCPSolver &Solver)
Base class for instruction visitors.
Definition: InstVisitor.h:78
An instruction for reading from memory.
Definition: Instructions.h:184
A Module instance is used to store all the information related to an LLVM module.
Definition: Module.h:65
SCCPSolver - This interface class is a general purpose solver for Sparse Conditional Constant Propaga...
Definition: SCCPSolver.h:65
bool isBlockExecutable(BasicBlock *BB) const
This class represents the LLVM 'select' instruction.
SmallPtrSet - This class implements a set which is optimized for holding SmallSize or less elements.
Definition: SmallPtrSet.h:427
This class consists of common code factored out of the SmallVector class to reduce code duplication b...
Definition: SmallVector.h:586
This is a 'vector' (really, a variable-sized array), optimized for the case when the array is small.
Definition: SmallVector.h:1209
Multiway switch.
Provides information about what library functions are available for the current target.
This pass provides access to the codegen interfaces that are needed for IR-level transformations.
A Use represents the edge between a Value definition and its users.
Definition: Use.h:43
LLVM Value Representation.
Definition: Value.h:74
bool contains(const_arg_type_t< ValueT > V) const
Check if the set contains the given element.
Definition: DenseSet.h:185
An opaque object representing a hash code.
Definition: Hashing.h:74
@ C
The default llvm calling convention, compatible with C.
Definition: CallingConv.h:34
This is an optimization pass for GlobalISel generic memory operations.
Definition: AddressRanges.h:18
@ Other
Any other memory.
hash_code hash_combine(const Ts &...args)
Combine values into a single hash_code.
Definition: Hashing.h:613
hash_code hash_combine_range(InputIteratorT first, InputIteratorT last)
Compute a hash_code for a sequence of values.
Definition: Hashing.h:491
bool operator==(const Bonus RHS) const
Bonus(Cost CodeSize, Cost Latency)
Bonus operator+(const Bonus RHS) const
Bonus & operator+=(const Bonus RHS)
Bonus()=default
SmallVector< ArgInfo, 4 > Args
bool operator==(const SpecSig &Other) const
friend hash_code hash_value(const SpecSig &S)
SmallVector< CallBase * > CallSites
Spec(Function *F, const SpecSig &S, unsigned Score)
Spec(Function *F, const SpecSig &&S, unsigned Score)