SCCPSolver.cpp

Go to the documentation of this file.

//===- SCCPSolver.cpp - SCCP Utility --------------------------- *- C++ -*-===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// \file
// This file implements the Sparse Conditional Constant Propagation (SCCP)
// utility.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
#include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/SCCPSolver.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/ConstantFolding.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/InstructionSimplify.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/ValueLattice.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/ValueLatticeUtils.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/ValueTracking.h"
#include "llvm/IR/InstVisitor.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Casting.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Debug.h"
#include "llvm/Support/ErrorHandling.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
#include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/Local.h"
#include <cassert>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
 
using namespace llvm;
 
#define DEBUG_TYPE "sccp"
 
// The maximum number of range extensions allowed for operations requiring
// widening.
static const unsigned MaxNumRangeExtensions = 10;
 
/// Returns MergeOptions with MaxWidenSteps set to MaxNumRangeExtensions.
static ValueLatticeElement::MergeOptions getMaxWidenStepsOpts() {
  return ValueLatticeElement::MergeOptions().setMaxWidenSteps(
      MaxNumRangeExtensions);
}
 
static ConstantRange getConstantRange(const ValueLatticeElement &LV, Type *Ty,
                                      bool UndefAllowed = true) {
  assert(Ty->isIntOrIntVectorTy() && "Should be int or int vector");
  if (LV.isConstantRange(UndefAllowed))
    return LV.getConstantRange();
  return ConstantRange::getFull(Ty->getScalarSizeInBits());
}
 
namespace llvm {
 
bool SCCPSolver::isConstant(const ValueLatticeElement &LV) {
  return LV.isConstant() ||
         (LV.isConstantRange() && LV.getConstantRange().isSingleElement());
}
 
bool SCCPSolver::isOverdefined(const ValueLatticeElement &LV) {
  return !LV.isUnknownOrUndef() && !SCCPSolver::isConstant(LV);
}
 
static bool canRemoveInstruction(Instruction *I) {
  if (wouldInstructionBeTriviallyDead(I))
    return true;
 
  // Some instructions can be handled but are rejected above. Catch
  // those cases by falling through to here.
  // TODO: Mark globals as being constant earlier, so
  // TODO: wouldInstructionBeTriviallyDead() knows that atomic loads
  // TODO: are safe to remove.
  return isa<LoadInst>(I);
}
 
bool SCCPSolver::tryToReplaceWithConstant(Value *V) {
  Constant *Const = getConstantOrNull(V);
  if (!Const)
    return false;
  // Replacing `musttail` instructions with constant breaks `musttail` invariant
  // unless the call itself can be removed.
  // Calls with "clang.arc.attachedcall" implicitly use the return value and
  // those uses cannot be updated with a constant.
  CallBase *CB = dyn_cast<CallBase>(V);
  if (CB && ((CB->isMustTailCall() &&
              !canRemoveInstruction(CB)) ||
             CB->getOperandBundle(LLVMContext::OB_clang_arc_attachedcall))) {
    Function *F = CB->getCalledFunction();
 
    // Don't zap returns of the callee
    if (F)
      addToMustPreserveReturnsInFunctions(F);
 
    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "  Can\'t treat the result of call " << *CB
                      << " as a constant\n");
    return false;
  }
 
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "  Constant: " << *Const << " = " << *V << '\n');
 
  // Replaces all of the uses of a variable with uses of the constant.
  V->replaceAllUsesWith(Const);
  return true;
}
 
/// Try to use \p Inst's value range from \p Solver to infer the NUW flag.
static bool refineInstruction(SCCPSolver &Solver,
                              const SmallPtrSetImpl<Value *> &InsertedValues,
                              Instruction &Inst) {
  bool Changed = false;
  auto GetRange = [&Solver, &InsertedValues](Value *Op) {
    if (auto *Const = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(Op))
      return ConstantRange(Const->getValue());
    if (isa<Constant>(Op) || InsertedValues.contains(Op)) {
      unsigned Bitwidth = Op->getType()->getScalarSizeInBits();
      return ConstantRange::getFull(Bitwidth);
    }
    return getConstantRange(Solver.getLatticeValueFor(Op), Op->getType(),
                            /*UndefAllowed=*/false);
  };
 
  if (isa<OverflowingBinaryOperator>(Inst)) {
    if (Inst.hasNoSignedWrap() && Inst.hasNoUnsignedWrap())
      return false;
 
    auto RangeA = GetRange(Inst.getOperand(0));
    auto RangeB = GetRange(Inst.getOperand(1));
    if (!Inst.hasNoUnsignedWrap()) {
      auto NUWRange = ConstantRange::makeGuaranteedNoWrapRegion(
          Instruction::BinaryOps(Inst.getOpcode()), RangeB,
          OverflowingBinaryOperator::NoUnsignedWrap);
      if (NUWRange.contains(RangeA)) {
        Inst.setHasNoUnsignedWrap();
        Changed = true;
      }
    }
    if (!Inst.hasNoSignedWrap()) {
      auto NSWRange = ConstantRange::makeGuaranteedNoWrapRegion(
          Instruction::BinaryOps(Inst.getOpcode()), RangeB,
          OverflowingBinaryOperator::NoSignedWrap);
      if (NSWRange.contains(RangeA)) {
        Inst.setHasNoSignedWrap();
        Changed = true;
      }
    }
  } else if (isa<ZExtInst>(Inst) && !Inst.hasNonNeg()) {
    auto Range = GetRange(Inst.getOperand(0));
    if (Range.isAllNonNegative()) {
      Inst.setNonNeg();
      Changed = true;
    }
  } else if (TruncInst *TI = dyn_cast<TruncInst>(&Inst)) {
    if (TI->hasNoSignedWrap() && TI->hasNoUnsignedWrap())
      return false;
 
    auto Range = GetRange(Inst.getOperand(0));
    uint64_t DestWidth = TI->getDestTy()->getScalarSizeInBits();
    if (!TI->hasNoUnsignedWrap()) {
      if (Range.getActiveBits() <= DestWidth) {
        TI->setHasNoUnsignedWrap(true);
        Changed = true;
      }
    }
    if (!TI->hasNoSignedWrap()) {
      if (Range.getMinSignedBits() <= DestWidth) {
        TI->setHasNoSignedWrap(true);
        Changed = true;
      }
    }
  }
 
  return Changed;
}
 
/// Try to replace signed instructions with their unsigned equivalent.
static bool replaceSignedInst(SCCPSolver &Solver,
                              SmallPtrSetImpl<Value *> &InsertedValues,
                              Instruction &Inst) {
  // Determine if a signed value is known to be >= 0.
  auto isNonNegative = [&Solver](Value *V) {
    // If this value was constant-folded, it may not have a solver entry.
    // Handle integers. Otherwise, return false.
    if (auto *C = dyn_cast<Constant>(V)) {
      auto *CInt = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(C);
      return CInt && !CInt->isNegative();
    }
    const ValueLatticeElement &IV = Solver.getLatticeValueFor(V);
    return IV.isConstantRange(/*UndefAllowed=*/false) &&
           IV.getConstantRange().isAllNonNegative();
  };
 
  Instruction *NewInst = nullptr;
  switch (Inst.getOpcode()) {
  // Note: We do not fold sitofp -> uitofp here because that could be more
  // expensive in codegen and may not be reversible in the backend.
  case Instruction::SExt: {
    // If the source value is not negative, this is a zext.
    Value *Op0 = Inst.getOperand(0);
    if (InsertedValues.count(Op0) || !isNonNegative(Op0))
      return false;
    NewInst = new ZExtInst(Op0, Inst.getType(), "", Inst.getIterator());
    NewInst->setNonNeg();
    break;
  }
  case Instruction::AShr: {
    // If the shifted value is not negative, this is a logical shift right.
    Value *Op0 = Inst.getOperand(0);
    if (InsertedValues.count(Op0) || !isNonNegative(Op0))
      return false;
    NewInst = BinaryOperator::CreateLShr(Op0, Inst.getOperand(1), "", Inst.getIterator());
    NewInst->setIsExact(Inst.isExact());
    break;
  }
  case Instruction::SDiv:
  case Instruction::SRem: {
    // If both operands are not negative, this is the same as udiv/urem.
    Value *Op0 = Inst.getOperand(0), *Op1 = Inst.getOperand(1);
    if (InsertedValues.count(Op0) || InsertedValues.count(Op1) ||
        !isNonNegative(Op0) || !isNonNegative(Op1))
      return false;
    auto NewOpcode = Inst.getOpcode() == Instruction::SDiv ? Instruction::UDiv
                                                           : Instruction::URem;
    NewInst = BinaryOperator::Create(NewOpcode, Op0, Op1, "", Inst.getIterator());
    if (Inst.getOpcode() == Instruction::SDiv)
      NewInst->setIsExact(Inst.isExact());
    break;
  }
  default:
    return false;
  }
 
  // Wire up the new instruction and update state.
  assert(NewInst && "Expected replacement instruction");
  NewInst->takeName(&Inst);
  InsertedValues.insert(NewInst);
  Inst.replaceAllUsesWith(NewInst);
  Solver.removeLatticeValueFor(&Inst);
  Inst.eraseFromParent();
  return true;
}
 
bool SCCPSolver::simplifyInstsInBlock(BasicBlock &BB,
                                      SmallPtrSetImpl<Value *> &InsertedValues,
                                      Statistic &InstRemovedStat,
                                      Statistic &InstReplacedStat) {
  bool MadeChanges = false;
  for (Instruction &Inst : make_early_inc_range(BB)) {
    if (Inst.getType()->isVoidTy())
      continue;
    if (tryToReplaceWithConstant(&Inst)) {
      if (canRemoveInstruction(&Inst))
        Inst.eraseFromParent();
 
      MadeChanges = true;
      ++InstRemovedStat;
    } else if (replaceSignedInst(*this, InsertedValues, Inst)) {
      MadeChanges = true;
      ++InstReplacedStat;
    } else if (refineInstruction(*this, InsertedValues, Inst)) {
      MadeChanges = true;
    }
  }
  return MadeChanges;
}
 
bool SCCPSolver::removeNonFeasibleEdges(BasicBlock *BB, DomTreeUpdater &DTU,
                                        BasicBlock *&NewUnreachableBB) const {
  SmallPtrSet<BasicBlock *, 8> FeasibleSuccessors;
  bool HasNonFeasibleEdges = false;
  for (BasicBlock *Succ : successors(BB)) {
    if (isEdgeFeasible(BB, Succ))
      FeasibleSuccessors.insert(Succ);
    else
      HasNonFeasibleEdges = true;
  }
 
  // All edges feasible, nothing to do.
  if (!HasNonFeasibleEdges)
    return false;
 
  // SCCP can only determine non-feasible edges for br, switch and indirectbr.
  Instruction *TI = BB->getTerminator();
  assert((isa<BranchInst>(TI) || isa<SwitchInst>(TI) ||
          isa<IndirectBrInst>(TI)) &&
         "Terminator must be a br, switch or indirectbr");
 
  if (FeasibleSuccessors.size() == 0) {
    // Branch on undef/poison, replace with unreachable.
    SmallPtrSet<BasicBlock *, 8> SeenSuccs;
    SmallVector<DominatorTree::UpdateType, 8> Updates;
    for (BasicBlock *Succ : successors(BB)) {
      Succ->removePredecessor(BB);
      if (SeenSuccs.insert(Succ).second)
        Updates.push_back({DominatorTree::Delete, BB, Succ});
    }
    TI->eraseFromParent();
    new UnreachableInst(BB->getContext(), BB);
    DTU.applyUpdatesPermissive(Updates);
  } else if (FeasibleSuccessors.size() == 1) {
    // Replace with an unconditional branch to the only feasible successor.
    BasicBlock *OnlyFeasibleSuccessor = *FeasibleSuccessors.begin();
    SmallVector<DominatorTree::UpdateType, 8> Updates;
    bool HaveSeenOnlyFeasibleSuccessor = false;
    for (BasicBlock *Succ : successors(BB)) {
      if (Succ == OnlyFeasibleSuccessor && !HaveSeenOnlyFeasibleSuccessor) {
        // Don't remove the edge to the only feasible successor the first time
        // we see it. We still do need to remove any multi-edges to it though.
        HaveSeenOnlyFeasibleSuccessor = true;
        continue;
      }
 
      Succ->removePredecessor(BB);
      Updates.push_back({DominatorTree::Delete, BB, Succ});
    }
 
    BranchInst::Create(OnlyFeasibleSuccessor, BB);
    TI->eraseFromParent();
    DTU.applyUpdatesPermissive(Updates);
  } else if (FeasibleSuccessors.size() > 1) {
    SwitchInstProfUpdateWrapper SI(*cast<SwitchInst>(TI));
    SmallVector<DominatorTree::UpdateType, 8> Updates;
 
    // If the default destination is unfeasible it will never be taken. Replace
    // it with a new block with a single Unreachable instruction.
    BasicBlock *DefaultDest = SI->getDefaultDest();
    if (!FeasibleSuccessors.contains(DefaultDest)) {
      if (!NewUnreachableBB) {
        NewUnreachableBB =
            BasicBlock::Create(DefaultDest->getContext(), "default.unreachable",
                               DefaultDest->getParent(), DefaultDest);
        new UnreachableInst(DefaultDest->getContext(), NewUnreachableBB);
      }
 
      DefaultDest->removePredecessor(BB);
      SI->setDefaultDest(NewUnreachableBB);
      Updates.push_back({DominatorTree::Delete, BB, DefaultDest});
      Updates.push_back({DominatorTree::Insert, BB, NewUnreachableBB});
    }
 
    for (auto CI = SI->case_begin(); CI != SI->case_end();) {
      if (FeasibleSuccessors.contains(CI->getCaseSuccessor())) {
        ++CI;
        continue;
      }
 
      BasicBlock *Succ = CI->getCaseSuccessor();
      Succ->removePredecessor(BB);
      Updates.push_back({DominatorTree::Delete, BB, Succ});
      SI.removeCase(CI);
      // Don't increment CI, as we removed a case.
    }
 
    DTU.applyUpdatesPermissive(Updates);
  } else {
    llvm_unreachable("Must have at least one feasible successor");
  }
  return true;
}
 
/// Helper class for SCCPSolver. This implements the instruction visitor and
/// holds all the state.
class SCCPInstVisitor : public InstVisitor<SCCPInstVisitor> {
  const DataLayout &DL;
  std::function<const TargetLibraryInfo &(Function &)> GetTLI;
  SmallPtrSet<BasicBlock *, 8> BBExecutable; // The BBs that are executable.
  DenseMap<Value *, ValueLatticeElement>
      ValueState; // The state each value is in.
 
  /// StructValueState - This maintains ValueState for values that have
  /// StructType, for example for formal arguments, calls, insertelement, etc.
  DenseMap<std::pair<Value *, unsigned>, ValueLatticeElement> StructValueState;
 
  /// GlobalValue - If we are tracking any values for the contents of a global
  /// variable, we keep a mapping from the constant accessor to the element of
  /// the global, to the currently known value.  If the value becomes
  /// overdefined, it's entry is simply removed from this map.
  DenseMap<GlobalVariable *, ValueLatticeElement> TrackedGlobals;
 
  /// TrackedRetVals - If we are tracking arguments into and the return
  /// value out of a function, it will have an entry in this map, indicating
  /// what the known return value for the function is.
  MapVector<Function *, ValueLatticeElement> TrackedRetVals;
 
  /// TrackedMultipleRetVals - Same as TrackedRetVals, but used for functions
  /// that return multiple values.
  MapVector<std::pair<Function *, unsigned>, ValueLatticeElement>
      TrackedMultipleRetVals;
 
  /// The set of values whose lattice has been invalidated.
  /// Populated by resetLatticeValueFor(), cleared after resolving undefs.
  DenseSet<Value *> Invalidated;
 
  /// MRVFunctionsTracked - Each function in TrackedMultipleRetVals is
  /// represented here for efficient lookup.
  SmallPtrSet<Function *, 16> MRVFunctionsTracked;
 
  /// A list of functions whose return cannot be modified.
  SmallPtrSet<Function *, 16> MustPreserveReturnsInFunctions;
 
  /// TrackingIncomingArguments - This is the set of functions for whose
  /// arguments we make optimistic assumptions about and try to prove as
  /// constants.
  SmallPtrSet<Function *, 16> TrackingIncomingArguments;
 
  /// The reason for two worklists is that overdefined is the lowest state
  /// on the lattice, and moving things to overdefined as fast as possible
  /// makes SCCP converge much faster.
  ///
  /// By having a separate worklist, we accomplish this because everything
  /// possibly overdefined will become overdefined at the soonest possible
  /// point.
  SmallVector<Value *, 64> OverdefinedInstWorkList;
  SmallVector<Value *, 64> InstWorkList;
 
  // The BasicBlock work list
  SmallVector<BasicBlock *, 64> BBWorkList;
 
  /// KnownFeasibleEdges - Entries in this set are edges which have already had
  /// PHI nodes retriggered.
  using Edge = std::pair<BasicBlock *, BasicBlock *>;
  DenseSet<Edge> KnownFeasibleEdges;
 
  DenseMap<Function *, std::unique_ptr<PredicateInfo>> FnPredicateInfo;
 
  DenseMap<Value *, SmallPtrSet<User *, 2>> AdditionalUsers;
 
  LLVMContext &Ctx;
 
private:
  ConstantInt *getConstantInt(const ValueLatticeElement &IV, Type *Ty) const {
    return dyn_cast_or_null<ConstantInt>(getConstant(IV, Ty));
  }
 
  // pushToWorkList - Helper for markConstant/markOverdefined
  void pushToWorkList(ValueLatticeElement &IV, Value *V);
 
  // Helper to push \p V to the worklist, after updating it to \p IV. Also
  // prints a debug message with the updated value.
  void pushToWorkListMsg(ValueLatticeElement &IV, Value *V);
 
  // markConstant - Make a value be marked as "constant".  If the value
  // is not already a constant, add it to the instruction work list so that
  // the users of the instruction are updated later.
  bool markConstant(ValueLatticeElement &IV, Value *V, Constant *C,
                    bool MayIncludeUndef = false);
 
  bool markConstant(Value *V, Constant *C) {
    assert(!V->getType()->isStructTy() && "structs should use mergeInValue");
    return markConstant(ValueState[V], V, C);
  }
 
  /// markConstantRange - Mark the object as constant range with \p CR. If the
  /// object is not a constant range with the range \p CR, add it to the
  /// instruction work list so that the users of the instruction are updated
  /// later.
  bool markConstantRange(ValueLatticeElement &IV, Value *V,
                         const ConstantRange &CR);
 
  // markOverdefined - Make a value be marked as "overdefined". If the
  // value is not already overdefined, add it to the overdefined instruction
  // work list so that the users of the instruction are updated later.
  bool markOverdefined(ValueLatticeElement &IV, Value *V);
 
  /// Merge \p MergeWithV into \p IV and push \p V to the worklist, if \p IV
  /// changes.
  bool mergeInValue(ValueLatticeElement &IV, Value *V,
                    ValueLatticeElement MergeWithV,
                    ValueLatticeElement::MergeOptions Opts = {
                        /*MayIncludeUndef=*/false, /*CheckWiden=*/false});
 
  bool mergeInValue(Value *V, ValueLatticeElement MergeWithV,
                    ValueLatticeElement::MergeOptions Opts = {
                        /*MayIncludeUndef=*/false, /*CheckWiden=*/false}) {
    assert(!V->getType()->isStructTy() &&
           "non-structs should use markConstant");
    return mergeInValue(ValueState[V], V, MergeWithV, Opts);
  }
 
  /// getValueState - Return the ValueLatticeElement object that corresponds to
  /// the value.  This function handles the case when the value hasn't been seen
  /// yet by properly seeding constants etc.
  ValueLatticeElement &getValueState(Value *V) {
    assert(!V->getType()->isStructTy() && "Should use getStructValueState");
 
    auto I = ValueState.insert(std::make_pair(V, ValueLatticeElement()));
    ValueLatticeElement &LV = I.first->second;
 
    if (!I.second)
      return LV; // Common case, already in the map.
 
    if (auto *C = dyn_cast<Constant>(V))
      LV.markConstant(C); // Constants are constant
 
    // All others are unknown by default.
    return LV;
  }
 
  /// getStructValueState - Return the ValueLatticeElement object that
  /// corresponds to the value/field pair.  This function handles the case when
  /// the value hasn't been seen yet by properly seeding constants etc.
  ValueLatticeElement &getStructValueState(Value *V, unsigned i) {
    assert(V->getType()->isStructTy() && "Should use getValueState");
    assert(i < cast<StructType>(V->getType())->getNumElements() &&
           "Invalid element #");
 
    auto I = StructValueState.insert(
        std::make_pair(std::make_pair(V, i), ValueLatticeElement()));
    ValueLatticeElement &LV = I.first->second;
 
    if (!I.second)
      return LV; // Common case, already in the map.
 
    if (auto *C = dyn_cast<Constant>(V)) {
      Constant *Elt = C->getAggregateElement(i);
 
      if (!Elt)
        LV.markOverdefined(); // Unknown sort of constant.
      else
        LV.markConstant(Elt); // Constants are constant.
    }
 
    // All others are underdefined by default.
    return LV;
  }
 
  /// Traverse the use-def chain of \p Call, marking itself and its users as
  /// "unknown" on the way.
  void invalidate(CallBase *Call) {
    SmallVector<Instruction *, 64> ToInvalidate;
    ToInvalidate.push_back(Call);
 
    while (!ToInvalidate.empty()) {
      Instruction *Inst = ToInvalidate.pop_back_val();
 
      if (!Invalidated.insert(Inst).second)
        continue;
 
      if (!BBExecutable.count(Inst->getParent()))
        continue;
 
      Value *V = nullptr;
      // For return instructions we need to invalidate the tracked returns map.
      // Anything else has its lattice in the value map.
      if (auto *RetInst = dyn_cast<ReturnInst>(Inst)) {
        Function *F = RetInst->getParent()->getParent();
        if (auto It = TrackedRetVals.find(F); It != TrackedRetVals.end()) {
          It->second = ValueLatticeElement();
          V = F;
        } else if (MRVFunctionsTracked.count(F)) {
          auto *STy = cast<StructType>(F->getReturnType());
          for (unsigned I = 0, E = STy->getNumElements(); I != E; ++I)
            TrackedMultipleRetVals[{F, I}] = ValueLatticeElement();
          V = F;
        }
      } else if (auto *STy = dyn_cast<StructType>(Inst->getType())) {
        for (unsigned I = 0, E = STy->getNumElements(); I != E; ++I) {
          if (auto It = StructValueState.find({Inst, I});
              It != StructValueState.end()) {
            It->second = ValueLatticeElement();
            V = Inst;
          }
        }
      } else if (auto It = ValueState.find(Inst); It != ValueState.end()) {
        It->second = ValueLatticeElement();
        V = Inst;
      }
 
      if (V) {
        LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Invalidated lattice for " << *V << "\n");
 
        for (User *U : V->users())
          if (auto *UI = dyn_cast<Instruction>(U))
            ToInvalidate.push_back(UI);
 
        auto It = AdditionalUsers.find(V);
        if (It != AdditionalUsers.end())
          for (User *U : It->second)
            if (auto *UI = dyn_cast<Instruction>(U))
              ToInvalidate.push_back(UI);
      }
    }
  }
 
  /// markEdgeExecutable - Mark a basic block as executable, adding it to the BB
  /// work list if it is not already executable.
  bool markEdgeExecutable(BasicBlock *Source, BasicBlock *Dest);
 
  // getFeasibleSuccessors - Return a vector of booleans to indicate which
  // successors are reachable from a given terminator instruction.
  void getFeasibleSuccessors(Instruction &TI, SmallVectorImpl<bool> &Succs);
 
  // OperandChangedState - This method is invoked on all of the users of an
  // instruction that was just changed state somehow.  Based on this
  // information, we need to update the specified user of this instruction.
  void operandChangedState(Instruction *I) {
    if (BBExecutable.count(I->getParent())) // Inst is executable?
      visit(*I);
  }
 
  // Add U as additional user of V.
  void addAdditionalUser(Value *V, User *U) {
    auto Iter = AdditionalUsers.insert({V, {}});
    Iter.first->second.insert(U);
  }
 
  // Mark I's users as changed, including AdditionalUsers.
  void markUsersAsChanged(Value *I) {
    // Functions include their arguments in the use-list. Changed function
    // values mean that the result of the function changed. We only need to
    // update the call sites with the new function result and do not have to
    // propagate the call arguments.
    if (isa<Function>(I)) {
      for (User *U : I->users()) {
        if (auto *CB = dyn_cast<CallBase>(U))
          handleCallResult(*CB);
      }
    } else {
      for (User *U : I->users())
        if (auto *UI = dyn_cast<Instruction>(U))
          operandChangedState(UI);
    }
 
    auto Iter = AdditionalUsers.find(I);
    if (Iter != AdditionalUsers.end()) {
      // Copy additional users before notifying them of changes, because new
      // users may be added, potentially invalidating the iterator.
      SmallVector<Instruction *, 2> ToNotify;
      for (User *U : Iter->second)
        if (auto *UI = dyn_cast<Instruction>(U))
          ToNotify.push_back(UI);
      for (Instruction *UI : ToNotify)
        operandChangedState(UI);
    }
  }
  void handleCallOverdefined(CallBase &CB);
  void handleCallResult(CallBase &CB);
  void handleCallArguments(CallBase &CB);
  void handleExtractOfWithOverflow(ExtractValueInst &EVI,
                                   const WithOverflowInst *WO, unsigned Idx);
 
private:
  friend class InstVisitor<SCCPInstVisitor>;
 
  // visit implementations - Something changed in this instruction.  Either an
  // operand made a transition, or the instruction is newly executable.  Change
  // the value type of I to reflect these changes if appropriate.
  void visitPHINode(PHINode &I);
 
  // Terminators
 
  void visitReturnInst(ReturnInst &I);
  void visitTerminator(Instruction &TI);
 
  void visitCastInst(CastInst &I);
  void visitSelectInst(SelectInst &I);
  void visitUnaryOperator(Instruction &I);
  void visitFreezeInst(FreezeInst &I);
  void visitBinaryOperator(Instruction &I);
  void visitCmpInst(CmpInst &I);
  void visitExtractValueInst(ExtractValueInst &EVI);
  void visitInsertValueInst(InsertValueInst &IVI);
 
  void visitCatchSwitchInst(CatchSwitchInst &CPI) {
    markOverdefined(&CPI);
    visitTerminator(CPI);
  }
 
  // Instructions that cannot be folded away.
 
  void visitStoreInst(StoreInst &I);
  void visitLoadInst(LoadInst &I);
  void visitGetElementPtrInst(GetElementPtrInst &I);
 
  void visitInvokeInst(InvokeInst &II) {
    visitCallBase(II);
    visitTerminator(II);
  }
 
  void visitCallBrInst(CallBrInst &CBI) {
    visitCallBase(CBI);
    visitTerminator(CBI);
  }
 
  void visitCallBase(CallBase &CB);
  void visitResumeInst(ResumeInst &I) { /*returns void*/
  }
  void visitUnreachableInst(UnreachableInst &I) { /*returns void*/
  }
  void visitFenceInst(FenceInst &I) { /*returns void*/
  }
 
  void visitInstruction(Instruction &I);
 
public:
  void addPredicateInfo(Function &F, DominatorTree &DT, AssumptionCache &AC) {
    FnPredicateInfo.insert({&F, std::make_unique<PredicateInfo>(F, DT, AC)});
  }
 
  void visitCallInst(CallInst &I) { visitCallBase(I); }
 
  bool markBlockExecutable(BasicBlock *BB);
 
  const PredicateBase *getPredicateInfoFor(Instruction *I) {
    auto It = FnPredicateInfo.find(I->getParent()->getParent());
    if (It == FnPredicateInfo.end())
      return nullptr;
    return It->second->getPredicateInfoFor(I);
  }
 
  SCCPInstVisitor(const DataLayout &DL,
                  std::function<const TargetLibraryInfo &(Function &)> GetTLI,
                  LLVMContext &Ctx)
      : DL(DL), GetTLI(GetTLI), Ctx(Ctx) {}
 
  void trackValueOfGlobalVariable(GlobalVariable *GV) {
    // We only track the contents of scalar globals.
    if (GV->getValueType()->isSingleValueType()) {
      ValueLatticeElement &IV = TrackedGlobals[GV];
      IV.markConstant(GV->getInitializer());
    }
  }
 
  void addTrackedFunction(Function *F) {
    // Add an entry, F -> undef.
    if (auto *STy = dyn_cast<StructType>(F->getReturnType())) {
      MRVFunctionsTracked.insert(F);
      for (unsigned i = 0, e = STy->getNumElements(); i != e; ++i)
        TrackedMultipleRetVals.insert(
            std::make_pair(std::make_pair(F, i), ValueLatticeElement()));
    } else if (!F->getReturnType()->isVoidTy())
      TrackedRetVals.insert(std::make_pair(F, ValueLatticeElement()));
  }
 
  void addToMustPreserveReturnsInFunctions(Function *F) {
    MustPreserveReturnsInFunctions.insert(F);
  }
 
  bool mustPreserveReturn(Function *F) {
    return MustPreserveReturnsInFunctions.count(F);
  }
 
  void addArgumentTrackedFunction(Function *F) {
    TrackingIncomingArguments.insert(F);
  }
 
  bool isArgumentTrackedFunction(Function *F) {
    return TrackingIncomingArguments.count(F);
  }
 
  void solve();
 
  bool resolvedUndef(Instruction &I);
 
  bool resolvedUndefsIn(Function &F);
 
  bool isBlockExecutable(BasicBlock *BB) const {
    return BBExecutable.count(BB);
  }
 
  bool isEdgeFeasible(BasicBlock *From, BasicBlock *To) const;
 
  std::vector<ValueLatticeElement> getStructLatticeValueFor(Value *V) const {
    std::vector<ValueLatticeElement> StructValues;
    auto *STy = dyn_cast<StructType>(V->getType());
    assert(STy && "getStructLatticeValueFor() can be called only on structs");
    for (unsigned i = 0, e = STy->getNumElements(); i != e; ++i) {
      auto I = StructValueState.find(std::make_pair(V, i));
      assert(I != StructValueState.end() && "Value not in valuemap!");
      StructValues.push_back(I->second);
    }
    return StructValues;
  }
 
  void removeLatticeValueFor(Value *V) { ValueState.erase(V); }
 
  /// Invalidate the Lattice Value of \p Call and its users after specializing
  /// the call. Then recompute it.
  void resetLatticeValueFor(CallBase *Call) {
    // Calls to void returning functions do not need invalidation.
    Function *F = Call->getCalledFunction();
    (void)F;
    assert(!F->getReturnType()->isVoidTy() &&
           (TrackedRetVals.count(F) || MRVFunctionsTracked.count(F)) &&
           "All non void specializations should be tracked");
    invalidate(Call);
    handleCallResult(*Call);
  }
 
  const ValueLatticeElement &getLatticeValueFor(Value *V) const {
    assert(!V->getType()->isStructTy() &&
           "Should use getStructLatticeValueFor");
    DenseMap<Value *, ValueLatticeElement>::const_iterator I =
        ValueState.find(V);
    assert(I != ValueState.end() &&
           "V not found in ValueState nor Paramstate map!");
    return I->second;
  }
 
  const MapVector<Function *, ValueLatticeElement> &getTrackedRetVals() {
    return TrackedRetVals;
  }
 
  const DenseMap<GlobalVariable *, ValueLatticeElement> &getTrackedGlobals() {
    return TrackedGlobals;
  }
 
  const SmallPtrSet<Function *, 16> getMRVFunctionsTracked() {
    return MRVFunctionsTracked;
  }
 
  void markOverdefined(Value *V) {
    if (auto *STy = dyn_cast<StructType>(V->getType()))
      for (unsigned i = 0, e = STy->getNumElements(); i != e; ++i)
        markOverdefined(getStructValueState(V, i), V);
    else
      markOverdefined(ValueState[V], V);
  }
 
  void trackValueOfArgument(Argument *A) {
    if (A->getType()->isIntegerTy()) {
      if (std::optional<ConstantRange> Range = A->getRange()) {
        markConstantRange(ValueState[A], A, *Range);
        return;
      }
    }
    // Assume nothing about the incoming arguments without range.
    markOverdefined(A);
  }
 
  bool isStructLatticeConstant(Function *F, StructType *STy);
 
  Constant *getConstant(const ValueLatticeElement &LV, Type *Ty) const;
 
  Constant *getConstantOrNull(Value *V) const;
 
  SmallPtrSetImpl<Function *> &getArgumentTrackedFunctions() {
    return TrackingIncomingArguments;
  }
 
  void setLatticeValueForSpecializationArguments(Function *F,
                                       const SmallVectorImpl<ArgInfo> &Args);
 
  void markFunctionUnreachable(Function *F) {
    for (auto &BB : *F)
      BBExecutable.erase(&BB);
  }
 
  void solveWhileResolvedUndefsIn(Module &M) {
    bool ResolvedUndefs = true;
    while (ResolvedUndefs) {
      solve();
      ResolvedUndefs = false;
      for (Function &F : M)
        ResolvedUndefs |= resolvedUndefsIn(F);
    }
  }
 
  void solveWhileResolvedUndefsIn(SmallVectorImpl<Function *> &WorkList) {
    bool ResolvedUndefs = true;
    while (ResolvedUndefs) {
      solve();
      ResolvedUndefs = false;
      for (Function *F : WorkList)
        ResolvedUndefs |= resolvedUndefsIn(*F);
    }
  }
 
  void solveWhileResolvedUndefs() {
    bool ResolvedUndefs = true;
    while (ResolvedUndefs) {
      solve();
      ResolvedUndefs = false;
      for (Value *V : Invalidated)
        if (auto *I = dyn_cast<Instruction>(V))
          ResolvedUndefs |= resolvedUndef(*I);
    }
    Invalidated.clear();
  }
};
 
} // namespace llvm
 
bool SCCPInstVisitor::markBlockExecutable(BasicBlock *BB) {
  if (!BBExecutable.insert(BB).second)
    return false;
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Marking Block Executable: " << BB->getName() << '\n');
  BBWorkList.push_back(BB); // Add the block to the work list!
  return true;
}
 
void SCCPInstVisitor::pushToWorkList(ValueLatticeElement &IV, Value *V) {
  if (IV.isOverdefined()) {
    if (OverdefinedInstWorkList.empty() || OverdefinedInstWorkList.back() != V)
      OverdefinedInstWorkList.push_back(V);
    return;
  }
  if (InstWorkList.empty() || InstWorkList.back() != V)
    InstWorkList.push_back(V);
}
 
void SCCPInstVisitor::pushToWorkListMsg(ValueLatticeElement &IV, Value *V) {
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "updated " << IV << ": " << *V << '\n');
  pushToWorkList(IV, V);
}
 
bool SCCPInstVisitor::markConstant(ValueLatticeElement &IV, Value *V,
                                   Constant *C, bool MayIncludeUndef) {
  if (!IV.markConstant(C, MayIncludeUndef))
    return false;
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "markConstant: " << *C << ": " << *V << '\n');
  pushToWorkList(IV, V);
  return true;
}
 
bool SCCPInstVisitor::markConstantRange(ValueLatticeElement &IV, Value *V,
                                        const ConstantRange &CR) {
  if (!IV.markConstantRange(CR))
    return false;
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "markConstantRange: " << CR << ": " << *V << '\n');
  pushToWorkList(IV, V);
  return true;
}
 
bool SCCPInstVisitor::markOverdefined(ValueLatticeElement &IV, Value *V) {
  if (!IV.markOverdefined())
    return false;
 
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "markOverdefined: ";
             if (auto *F = dyn_cast<Function>(V)) dbgs()
             << "Function '" << F->getName() << "'\n";
             else dbgs() << *V << '\n');
  // Only instructions go on the work list
  pushToWorkList(IV, V);
  return true;
}
 
bool SCCPInstVisitor::isStructLatticeConstant(Function *F, StructType *STy) {
  for (unsigned i = 0, e = STy->getNumElements(); i != e; ++i) {
    const auto &It = TrackedMultipleRetVals.find(std::make_pair(F, i));
    assert(It != TrackedMultipleRetVals.end());
    ValueLatticeElement LV = It->second;
    if (!SCCPSolver::isConstant(LV))
      return false;
  }
  return true;
}
 
Constant *SCCPInstVisitor::getConstant(const ValueLatticeElement &LV,
                                       Type *Ty) const {
  if (LV.isConstant()) {
    Constant *C = LV.getConstant();
    assert(C->getType() == Ty && "Type mismatch");
    return C;
  }
 
  if (LV.isConstantRange()) {
    const auto &CR = LV.getConstantRange();
    if (CR.getSingleElement())
      return ConstantInt::get(Ty, *CR.getSingleElement());
  }
  return nullptr;
}
 
Constant *SCCPInstVisitor::getConstantOrNull(Value *V) const {
  Constant *Const = nullptr;
  if (V->getType()->isStructTy()) {
    std::vector<ValueLatticeElement> LVs = getStructLatticeValueFor(V);
    if (any_of(LVs, SCCPSolver::isOverdefined))
      return nullptr;
    std::vector<Constant *> ConstVals;
    auto *ST = cast<StructType>(V->getType());
    for (unsigned I = 0, E = ST->getNumElements(); I != E; ++I) {
      ValueLatticeElement LV = LVs[I];
      ConstVals.push_back(SCCPSolver::isConstant(LV)
                              ? getConstant(LV, ST->getElementType(I))
                              : UndefValue::get(ST->getElementType(I)));
    }
    Const = ConstantStruct::get(ST, ConstVals);
  } else {
    const ValueLatticeElement &LV = getLatticeValueFor(V);
    if (SCCPSolver::isOverdefined(LV))
      return nullptr;
    Const = SCCPSolver::isConstant(LV) ? getConstant(LV, V->getType())
                                       : UndefValue::get(V->getType());
  }
  assert(Const && "Constant is nullptr here!");
  return Const;
}
 
void SCCPInstVisitor::setLatticeValueForSpecializationArguments(Function *F,
                                        const SmallVectorImpl<ArgInfo> &Args) {
  assert(!Args.empty() && "Specialization without arguments");
  assert(F->arg_size() == Args[0].Formal->getParent()->arg_size() &&
         "Functions should have the same number of arguments");
 
  auto Iter = Args.begin();
  Function::arg_iterator NewArg = F->arg_begin();
  Function::arg_iterator OldArg = Args[0].Formal->getParent()->arg_begin();
  for (auto End = F->arg_end(); NewArg != End; ++NewArg, ++OldArg) {
 
    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "SCCP: Marking argument "
                      << NewArg->getNameOrAsOperand() << "\n");
 
    // Mark the argument constants in the new function
    // or copy the lattice state over from the old function.
    if (Iter != Args.end() && Iter->Formal == &*OldArg) {
      if (auto *STy = dyn_cast<StructType>(NewArg->getType())) {
        for (unsigned I = 0, E = STy->getNumElements(); I != E; ++I) {
          ValueLatticeElement &NewValue = StructValueState[{&*NewArg, I}];
          NewValue.markConstant(Iter->Actual->getAggregateElement(I));
        }
      } else {
        ValueState[&*NewArg].markConstant(Iter->Actual);
      }
      ++Iter;
    } else {
      if (auto *STy = dyn_cast<StructType>(NewArg->getType())) {
        for (unsigned I = 0, E = STy->getNumElements(); I != E; ++I) {
          ValueLatticeElement &NewValue = StructValueState[{&*NewArg, I}];
          NewValue = StructValueState[{&*OldArg, I}];
        }
      } else {
        ValueLatticeElement &NewValue = ValueState[&*NewArg];
        NewValue = ValueState[&*OldArg];
      }
    }
  }
}
 
void SCCPInstVisitor::visitInstruction(Instruction &I) {
  // All the instructions we don't do any special handling for just
  // go to overdefined.
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "SCCP: Don't know how to handle: " << I << '\n');
  markOverdefined(&I);
}
 
bool SCCPInstVisitor::mergeInValue(ValueLatticeElement &IV, Value *V,
                                   ValueLatticeElement MergeWithV,
                                   ValueLatticeElement::MergeOptions Opts) {
  if (IV.mergeIn(MergeWithV, Opts)) {
    pushToWorkList(IV, V);
    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Merged " << MergeWithV << " into " << *V << " : "
                      << IV << "\n");
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}
 
bool SCCPInstVisitor::markEdgeExecutable(BasicBlock *Source, BasicBlock *Dest) {
  if (!KnownFeasibleEdges.insert(Edge(Source, Dest)).second)
    return false; // This edge is already known to be executable!
 
  if (!markBlockExecutable(Dest)) {
    // If the destination is already executable, we just made an *edge*
    // feasible that wasn't before.  Revisit the PHI nodes in the block
    // because they have potentially new operands.
    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Marking Edge Executable: " << Source->getName()
                      << " -> " << Dest->getName() << '\n');
 
    for (PHINode &PN : Dest->phis())
      visitPHINode(PN);
  }
  return true;
}
 
// getFeasibleSuccessors - Return a vector of booleans to indicate which
// successors are reachable from a given terminator instruction.
void SCCPInstVisitor::getFeasibleSuccessors(Instruction &TI,
                                            SmallVectorImpl<bool> &Succs) {
  Succs.resize(TI.getNumSuccessors());
  if (auto *BI = dyn_cast<BranchInst>(&TI)) {
    if (BI->isUnconditional()) {
      Succs[0] = true;
      return;
    }
 
    ValueLatticeElement BCValue = getValueState(BI->getCondition());
    ConstantInt *CI = getConstantInt(BCValue, BI->getCondition()->getType());
    if (!CI) {
      // Overdefined condition variables, and branches on unfoldable constant
      // conditions, mean the branch could go either way.
      if (!BCValue.isUnknownOrUndef())
        Succs[0] = Succs[1] = true;
      return;
    }
 
    // Constant condition variables mean the branch can only go a single way.
    Succs[CI->isZero()] = true;
    return;
  }
 
  // We cannot analyze special terminators, so consider all successors
  // executable.
  if (TI.isSpecialTerminator()) {
    Succs.assign(TI.getNumSuccessors(), true);
    return;
  }
 
  if (auto *SI = dyn_cast<SwitchInst>(&TI)) {
    if (!SI->getNumCases()) {
      Succs[0] = true;
      return;
    }
    const ValueLatticeElement &SCValue = getValueState(SI->getCondition());
    if (ConstantInt *CI =
            getConstantInt(SCValue, SI->getCondition()->getType())) {
      Succs[SI->findCaseValue(CI)->getSuccessorIndex()] = true;
      return;
    }
 
    // TODO: Switch on undef is UB. Stop passing false once the rest of LLVM
    // is ready.
    if (SCValue.isConstantRange(/*UndefAllowed=*/false)) {
      const ConstantRange &Range = SCValue.getConstantRange();
      unsigned ReachableCaseCount = 0;
      for (const auto &Case : SI->cases()) {
        const APInt &CaseValue = Case.getCaseValue()->getValue();
        if (Range.contains(CaseValue)) {
          Succs[Case.getSuccessorIndex()] = true;
          ++ReachableCaseCount;
        }
      }
 
      Succs[SI->case_default()->getSuccessorIndex()] =
          Range.isSizeLargerThan(ReachableCaseCount);
      return;
    }
 
    // Overdefined or unknown condition? All destinations are executable!
    if (!SCValue.isUnknownOrUndef())
      Succs.assign(TI.getNumSuccessors(), true);
    return;
  }
 
  // In case of indirect branch and its address is a blockaddress, we mark
  // the target as executable.
  if (auto *IBR = dyn_cast<IndirectBrInst>(&TI)) {
    // Casts are folded by visitCastInst.
    ValueLatticeElement IBRValue = getValueState(IBR->getAddress());
    BlockAddress *Addr = dyn_cast_or_null<BlockAddress>(
        getConstant(IBRValue, IBR->getAddress()->getType()));
    if (!Addr) { // Overdefined or unknown condition?
      // All destinations are executable!
      if (!IBRValue.isUnknownOrUndef())
        Succs.assign(TI.getNumSuccessors(), true);
      return;
    }
 
    BasicBlock *T = Addr->getBasicBlock();
    assert(Addr->getFunction() == T->getParent() &&
           "Block address of a different function ?");
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < IBR->getNumSuccessors(); ++i) {
      // This is the target.
      if (IBR->getDestination(i) == T) {
        Succs[i] = true;
        return;
      }
    }
 
    // If we didn't find our destination in the IBR successor list, then we
    // have undefined behavior. Its ok to assume no successor is executable.
    return;
  }
 
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "Unknown terminator instruction: " << TI << '\n');
  llvm_unreachable("SCCP: Don't know how to handle this terminator!");
}
 
// isEdgeFeasible - Return true if the control flow edge from the 'From' basic
// block to the 'To' basic block is currently feasible.
bool SCCPInstVisitor::isEdgeFeasible(BasicBlock *From, BasicBlock *To) const {
  // Check if we've called markEdgeExecutable on the edge yet. (We could
  // be more aggressive and try to consider edges which haven't been marked
  // yet, but there isn't any need.)
  return KnownFeasibleEdges.count(Edge(From, To));
}
 
// visit Implementations - Something changed in this instruction, either an
// operand made a transition, or the instruction is newly executable.  Change
// the value type of I to reflect these changes if appropriate.  This method
// makes sure to do the following actions:
//
// 1. If a phi node merges two constants in, and has conflicting value coming
//    from different branches, or if the PHI node merges in an overdefined
//    value, then the PHI node becomes overdefined.
// 2. If a phi node merges only constants in, and they all agree on value, the
//    PHI node becomes a constant value equal to that.
// 3. If V <- x (op) y && isConstant(x) && isConstant(y) V = Constant
// 4. If V <- x (op) y && (isOverdefined(x) || isOverdefined(y)) V = Overdefined
// 5. If V <- MEM or V <- CALL or V <- (unknown) then V = Overdefined
// 6. If a conditional branch has a value that is constant, make the selected
//    destination executable
// 7. If a conditional branch has a value that is overdefined, make all
//    successors executable.
void SCCPInstVisitor::visitPHINode(PHINode &PN) {
  // If this PN returns a struct, just mark the result overdefined.
  // TODO: We could do a lot better than this if code actually uses this.
  if (PN.getType()->isStructTy())
    return (void)markOverdefined(&PN);
 
  if (getValueState(&PN).isOverdefined())
    return; // Quick exit
 
  // Super-extra-high-degree PHI nodes are unlikely to ever be marked constant,
  // and slow us down a lot.  Just mark them overdefined.
  if (PN.getNumIncomingValues() > 64)
    return (void)markOverdefined(&PN);
 
  unsigned NumActiveIncoming = 0;
 
  // Look at all of the executable operands of the PHI node.  If any of them
  // are overdefined, the PHI becomes overdefined as well.  If they are all
  // constant, and they agree with each other, the PHI becomes the identical
  // constant.  If they are constant and don't agree, the PHI is a constant
  // range. If there are no executable operands, the PHI remains unknown.
  ValueLatticeElement PhiState = getValueState(&PN);
  for (unsigned i = 0, e = PN.getNumIncomingValues(); i != e; ++i) {
    if (!isEdgeFeasible(PN.getIncomingBlock(i), PN.getParent()))
      continue;
 
    ValueLatticeElement IV = getValueState(PN.getIncomingValue(i));
    PhiState.mergeIn(IV);
    NumActiveIncoming++;
    if (PhiState.isOverdefined())
      break;
  }
 
  // We allow up to 1 range extension per active incoming value and one
  // additional extension. Note that we manually adjust the number of range
  // extensions to match the number of active incoming values. This helps to
  // limit multiple extensions caused by the same incoming value, if other
  // incoming values are equal.
  mergeInValue(&PN, PhiState,
               ValueLatticeElement::MergeOptions().setMaxWidenSteps(
                   NumActiveIncoming + 1));
  ValueLatticeElement &PhiStateRef = getValueState(&PN);
  PhiStateRef.setNumRangeExtensions(
      std::max(NumActiveIncoming, PhiStateRef.getNumRangeExtensions()));
}
 
void SCCPInstVisitor::visitReturnInst(ReturnInst &I) {
  if (I.getNumOperands() == 0)
    return; // ret void
 
  Function *F = I.getParent()->getParent();
  Value *ResultOp = I.getOperand(0);
 
  // If we are tracking the return value of this function, merge it in.
  if (!TrackedRetVals.empty() && !ResultOp->getType()->isStructTy()) {
    auto TFRVI = TrackedRetVals.find(F);
    if (TFRVI != TrackedRetVals.end()) {
      mergeInValue(TFRVI->second, F, getValueState(ResultOp));
      return;
    }
  }
 
  // Handle functions that return multiple values.
  if (!TrackedMultipleRetVals.empty()) {
    if (auto *STy = dyn_cast<StructType>(ResultOp->getType()))
      if (MRVFunctionsTracked.count(F))
        for (unsigned i = 0, e = STy->getNumElements(); i != e; ++i)
          mergeInValue(TrackedMultipleRetVals[std::make_pair(F, i)], F,
                       getStructValueState(ResultOp, i));
  }
}
 
void SCCPInstVisitor::visitTerminator(Instruction &TI) {
  SmallVector<bool, 16> SuccFeasible;
  getFeasibleSuccessors(TI, SuccFeasible);
 
  BasicBlock *BB = TI.getParent();
 
  // Mark all feasible successors executable.
  for (unsigned i = 0, e = SuccFeasible.size(); i != e; ++i)
    if (SuccFeasible[i])
      markEdgeExecutable(BB, TI.getSuccessor(i));
}
 
void SCCPInstVisitor::visitCastInst(CastInst &I) {
  // ResolvedUndefsIn might mark I as overdefined. Bail out, even if we would
  // discover a concrete value later.
  if (ValueState[&I].isOverdefined())
    return;
 
  ValueLatticeElement OpSt = getValueState(I.getOperand(0));
  if (OpSt.isUnknownOrUndef())
    return;
 
  if (Constant *OpC = getConstant(OpSt, I.getOperand(0)->getType())) {
    // Fold the constant as we build.
    if (Constant *C =
            ConstantFoldCastOperand(I.getOpcode(), OpC, I.getType(), DL))
      return (void)markConstant(&I, C);
  }
 
  if (I.getDestTy()->isIntegerTy() && I.getSrcTy()->isIntOrIntVectorTy()) {
    auto &LV = getValueState(&I);
    ConstantRange OpRange = getConstantRange(OpSt, I.getSrcTy());
 
    Type *DestTy = I.getDestTy();
    // Vectors where all elements have the same known constant range are treated
    // as a single constant range in the lattice. When bitcasting such vectors,
    // there is a mis-match between the width of the lattice value (single
    // constant range) and the original operands (vector). Go to overdefined in
    // that case.
    if (I.getOpcode() == Instruction::BitCast &&
        I.getOperand(0)->getType()->isVectorTy() &&
        OpRange.getBitWidth() < DL.getTypeSizeInBits(DestTy))
      return (void)markOverdefined(&I);
 
    ConstantRange Res =
        OpRange.castOp(I.getOpcode(), DL.getTypeSizeInBits(DestTy));
    mergeInValue(LV, &I, ValueLatticeElement::getRange(Res));
  } else
    markOverdefined(&I);
}
 
void SCCPInstVisitor::handleExtractOfWithOverflow(ExtractValueInst &EVI,
                                                  const WithOverflowInst *WO,
                                                  unsigned Idx) {
  Value *LHS = WO->getLHS(), *RHS = WO->getRHS();
  ValueLatticeElement L = getValueState(LHS);
  ValueLatticeElement R = getValueState(RHS);
  addAdditionalUser(LHS, &EVI);
  addAdditionalUser(RHS, &EVI);
  if (L.isUnknownOrUndef() || R.isUnknownOrUndef())
    return; // Wait to resolve.
 
  Type *Ty = LHS->getType();
  ConstantRange LR = getConstantRange(L, Ty);
  ConstantRange RR = getConstantRange(R, Ty);
  if (Idx == 0) {
    ConstantRange Res = LR.binaryOp(WO->getBinaryOp(), RR);
    mergeInValue(&EVI, ValueLatticeElement::getRange(Res));
  } else {
    assert(Idx == 1 && "Index can only be 0 or 1");
    ConstantRange NWRegion = ConstantRange::makeGuaranteedNoWrapRegion(
        WO->getBinaryOp(), RR, WO->getNoWrapKind());
    if (NWRegion.contains(LR))
      return (void)markConstant(&EVI, ConstantInt::getFalse(EVI.getType()));
    markOverdefined(&EVI);
  }
}
 
void SCCPInstVisitor::visitExtractValueInst(ExtractValueInst &EVI) {
  // If this returns a struct, mark all elements over defined, we don't track
  // structs in structs.
  if (EVI.getType()->isStructTy())
    return (void)markOverdefined(&EVI);
 
  // resolvedUndefsIn might mark I as overdefined. Bail out, even if we would
  // discover a concrete value later.
  if (ValueState[&EVI].isOverdefined())
    return (void)markOverdefined(&EVI);
 
  // If this is extracting from more than one level of struct, we don't know.
  if (EVI.getNumIndices() != 1)
    return (void)markOverdefined(&EVI);
 
  Value *AggVal = EVI.getAggregateOperand();
  if (AggVal->getType()->isStructTy()) {
    unsigned i = *EVI.idx_begin();
    if (auto *WO = dyn_cast<WithOverflowInst>(AggVal))
      return handleExtractOfWithOverflow(EVI, WO, i);
    ValueLatticeElement EltVal = getStructValueState(AggVal, i);
    mergeInValue(getValueState(&EVI), &EVI, EltVal);
  } else {
    // Otherwise, must be extracting from an array.
    return (void)markOverdefined(&EVI);
  }
}
 
void SCCPInstVisitor::visitInsertValueInst(InsertValueInst &IVI) {
  auto *STy = dyn_cast<StructType>(IVI.getType());
  if (!STy)
    return (void)markOverdefined(&IVI);
 
  // resolvedUndefsIn might mark I as overdefined. Bail out, even if we would
  // discover a concrete value later.
  if (SCCPSolver::isOverdefined(ValueState[&IVI]))
    return (void)markOverdefined(&IVI);
 
  // If this has more than one index, we can't handle it, drive all results to
  // undef.
  if (IVI.getNumIndices() != 1)
    return (void)markOverdefined(&IVI);
 
  Value *Aggr = IVI.getAggregateOperand();
  unsigned Idx = *IVI.idx_begin();
 
  // Compute the result based on what we're inserting.
  for (unsigned i = 0, e = STy->getNumElements(); i != e; ++i) {
    // This passes through all values that aren't the inserted element.
    if (i != Idx) {
      ValueLatticeElement EltVal = getStructValueState(Aggr, i);
      mergeInValue(getStructValueState(&IVI, i), &IVI, EltVal);
      continue;
    }
 
    Value *Val = IVI.getInsertedValueOperand();
    if (Val->getType()->isStructTy())
      // We don't track structs in structs.
      markOverdefined(getStructValueState(&IVI, i), &IVI);
    else {
      ValueLatticeElement InVal = getValueState(Val);
      mergeInValue(getStructValueState(&IVI, i), &IVI, InVal);
    }
  }
}
 
void SCCPInstVisitor::visitSelectInst(SelectInst &I) {
  // If this select returns a struct, just mark the result overdefined.
  // TODO: We could do a lot better than this if code actually uses this.
  if (I.getType()->isStructTy())
    return (void)markOverdefined(&I);
 
  // resolvedUndefsIn might mark I as overdefined. Bail out, even if we would
  // discover a concrete value later.
  if (ValueState[&I].isOverdefined())
    return (void)markOverdefined(&I);
 
  ValueLatticeElement CondValue = getValueState(I.getCondition());
  if (CondValue.isUnknownOrUndef())
    return;
 
  if (ConstantInt *CondCB =
          getConstantInt(CondValue, I.getCondition()->getType())) {
    Value *OpVal = CondCB->isZero() ? I.getFalseValue() : I.getTrueValue();
    mergeInValue(&I, getValueState(OpVal));
    return;
  }
 
  // Otherwise, the condition is overdefined or a constant we can't evaluate.
  // See if we can produce something better than overdefined based on the T/F
  // value.
  ValueLatticeElement TVal = getValueState(I.getTrueValue());
  ValueLatticeElement FVal = getValueState(I.getFalseValue());
 
  bool Changed = ValueState[&I].mergeIn(TVal);
  Changed |= ValueState[&I].mergeIn(FVal);
  if (Changed)
    pushToWorkListMsg(ValueState[&I], &I);
}
 
// Handle Unary Operators.
void SCCPInstVisitor::visitUnaryOperator(Instruction &I) {
  ValueLatticeElement V0State = getValueState(I.getOperand(0));
 
  ValueLatticeElement &IV = ValueState[&I];
  // resolvedUndefsIn might mark I as overdefined. Bail out, even if we would
  // discover a concrete value later.
  if (SCCPSolver::isOverdefined(IV))
    return (void)markOverdefined(&I);
 
  // If something is unknown/undef, wait for it to resolve.
  if (V0State.isUnknownOrUndef())
    return;
 
  if (SCCPSolver::isConstant(V0State))
    if (Constant *C = ConstantFoldUnaryOpOperand(
            I.getOpcode(), getConstant(V0State, I.getType()), DL))
      return (void)markConstant(IV, &I, C);
 
  markOverdefined(&I);
}
 
void SCCPInstVisitor::visitFreezeInst(FreezeInst &I) {
  // If this freeze returns a struct, just mark the result overdefined.
  // TODO: We could do a lot better than this.
  if (I.getType()->isStructTy())
    return (void)markOverdefined(&I);
 
  ValueLatticeElement V0State = getValueState(I.getOperand(0));
  ValueLatticeElement &IV = ValueState[&I];
  // resolvedUndefsIn might mark I as overdefined. Bail out, even if we would
  // discover a concrete value later.
  if (SCCPSolver::isOverdefined(IV))
    return (void)markOverdefined(&I);
 
  // If something is unknown/undef, wait for it to resolve.
  if (V0State.isUnknownOrUndef())
    return;
 
  if (SCCPSolver::isConstant(V0State) &&
      isGuaranteedNotToBeUndefOrPoison(getConstant(V0State, I.getType())))
    return (void)markConstant(IV, &I, getConstant(V0State, I.getType()));
 
  markOverdefined(&I);
}
 
// Handle Binary Operators.
void SCCPInstVisitor::visitBinaryOperator(Instruction &I) {
  ValueLatticeElement V1State = getValueState(I.getOperand(0));
  ValueLatticeElement V2State = getValueState(I.getOperand(1));
 
  ValueLatticeElement &IV = ValueState[&I];
  if (IV.isOverdefined())
    return;
 
  // If something is undef, wait for it to resolve.
  if (V1State.isUnknownOrUndef() || V2State.isUnknownOrUndef())
    return;
 
  if (V1State.isOverdefined() && V2State.isOverdefined())
    return (void)markOverdefined(&I);
 
  // If either of the operands is a constant, try to fold it to a constant.
  // TODO: Use information from notconstant better.
  if ((V1State.isConstant() || V2State.isConstant())) {
    Value *V1 = SCCPSolver::isConstant(V1State)
                    ? getConstant(V1State, I.getOperand(0)->getType())
                    : I.getOperand(0);
    Value *V2 = SCCPSolver::isConstant(V2State)
                    ? getConstant(V2State, I.getOperand(1)->getType())
                    : I.getOperand(1);
    Value *R = simplifyBinOp(I.getOpcode(), V1, V2, SimplifyQuery(DL));
    auto *C = dyn_cast_or_null<Constant>(R);
    if (C) {
      // Conservatively assume that the result may be based on operands that may
      // be undef. Note that we use mergeInValue to combine the constant with
      // the existing lattice value for I, as different constants might be found
      // after one of the operands go to overdefined, e.g. due to one operand
      // being a special floating value.
      ValueLatticeElement NewV;
      NewV.markConstant(C, /*MayIncludeUndef=*/true);
      return (void)mergeInValue(&I, NewV);
    }
  }
 
  // Only use ranges for binary operators on integers.
  if (!I.getType()->isIntegerTy())
    return markOverdefined(&I);
 
  // Try to simplify to a constant range.
  ConstantRange A = getConstantRange(V1State, I.getType());
  ConstantRange B = getConstantRange(V2State, I.getType());
 
  auto *BO = cast<BinaryOperator>(&I);
  ConstantRange R = ConstantRange::getEmpty(I.getType()->getScalarSizeInBits());
  if (auto *OBO = dyn_cast<OverflowingBinaryOperator>(BO))
    R = A.overflowingBinaryOp(BO->getOpcode(), B, OBO->getNoWrapKind());
  else
    R = A.binaryOp(BO->getOpcode(), B);
  mergeInValue(&I, ValueLatticeElement::getRange(R));
 
  // TODO: Currently we do not exploit special values that produce something
  // better than overdefined with an overdefined operand for vector or floating
  // point types, like and <4 x i32> overdefined, zeroinitializer.
}
 
// Handle ICmpInst instruction.
void SCCPInstVisitor::visitCmpInst(CmpInst &I) {
  // Do not cache this lookup, getValueState calls later in the function might
  // invalidate the reference.
  if (SCCPSolver::isOverdefined(ValueState[&I]))
    return (void)markOverdefined(&I);
 
  Value *Op1 = I.getOperand(0);
  Value *Op2 = I.getOperand(1);
 
  // For parameters, use ParamState which includes constant range info if
  // available.
  auto V1State = getValueState(Op1);
  auto V2State = getValueState(Op2);
 
  Constant *C = V1State.getCompare(I.getPredicate(), I.getType(), V2State, DL);
  if (C) {
    ValueLatticeElement CV;
    CV.markConstant(C);
    mergeInValue(&I, CV);
    return;
  }
 
  // If operands are still unknown, wait for it to resolve.
  if ((V1State.isUnknownOrUndef() || V2State.isUnknownOrUndef()) &&
      !SCCPSolver::isConstant(ValueState[&I]))
    return;
 
  markOverdefined(&I);
}
 
// Handle getelementptr instructions.  If all operands are constants then we
// can turn this into a getelementptr ConstantExpr.
void SCCPInstVisitor::visitGetElementPtrInst(GetElementPtrInst &I) {
  if (SCCPSolver::isOverdefined(ValueState[&I]))
    return (void)markOverdefined(&I);
 
  SmallVector<Constant *, 8> Operands;
  Operands.reserve(I.getNumOperands());
 
  for (unsigned i = 0, e = I.getNumOperands(); i != e; ++i) {
    ValueLatticeElement State = getValueState(I.getOperand(i));
    if (State.isUnknownOrUndef())
      return; // Operands are not resolved yet.
 
    if (SCCPSolver::isOverdefined(State))
      return (void)markOverdefined(&I);
 
    if (Constant *C = getConstant(State, I.getOperand(i)->getType())) {
      Operands.push_back(C);
      continue;
    }
 
    return (void)markOverdefined(&I);
  }
 
  if (Constant *C = ConstantFoldInstOperands(&I, Operands, DL))
    markConstant(&I, C);
}
 
void SCCPInstVisitor::visitStoreInst(StoreInst &SI) {
  // If this store is of a struct, ignore it.
  if (SI.getOperand(0)->getType()->isStructTy())
    return;
 
  if (TrackedGlobals.empty() || !isa<GlobalVariable>(SI.getOperand(1)))
    return;
 
  GlobalVariable *GV = cast<GlobalVariable>(SI.getOperand(1));
  auto I = TrackedGlobals.find(GV);
  if (I == TrackedGlobals.end())
    return;
 
  // Get the value we are storing into the global, then merge it.
  mergeInValue(I->second, GV, getValueState(SI.getOperand(0)),
               ValueLatticeElement::MergeOptions().setCheckWiden(false));
  if (I->second.isOverdefined())
    TrackedGlobals.erase(I); // No need to keep tracking this!
}
 
static ValueLatticeElement getValueFromMetadata(const Instruction *I) {
  if (I->getType()->isIntegerTy()) {
    if (MDNode *Ranges = I->getMetadata(LLVMContext::MD_range))
      return ValueLatticeElement::getRange(
          getConstantRangeFromMetadata(*Ranges));
 
    if (const auto *CB = dyn_cast<CallBase>(I))
      if (std::optional<ConstantRange> Range = CB->getRange())
        return ValueLatticeElement::getRange(*Range);
  }
  if (I->hasMetadata(LLVMContext::MD_nonnull))
    return ValueLatticeElement::getNot(
        ConstantPointerNull::get(cast<PointerType>(I->getType())));
  return ValueLatticeElement::getOverdefined();
}
 
// Handle load instructions.  If the operand is a constant pointer to a constant
// global, we can replace the load with the loaded constant value!
void SCCPInstVisitor::visitLoadInst(LoadInst &I) {
  // If this load is of a struct or the load is volatile, just mark the result
  // as overdefined.
  if (I.getType()->isStructTy() || I.isVolatile())
    return (void)markOverdefined(&I);
 
  // resolvedUndefsIn might mark I as overdefined. Bail out, even if we would
  // discover a concrete value later.
  if (ValueState[&I].isOverdefined())
    return (void)markOverdefined(&I);
 
  ValueLatticeElement PtrVal = getValueState(I.getOperand(0));
  if (PtrVal.isUnknownOrUndef())
    return; // The pointer is not resolved yet!
 
  ValueLatticeElement &IV = ValueState[&I];
 
  if (SCCPSolver::isConstant(PtrVal)) {
    Constant *Ptr = getConstant(PtrVal, I.getOperand(0)->getType());
 
    // load null is undefined.
    if (isa<ConstantPointerNull>(Ptr)) {
      if (NullPointerIsDefined(I.getFunction(), I.getPointerAddressSpace()))
        return (void)markOverdefined(IV, &I);
      else
        return;
    }
 
    // Transform load (constant global) into the value loaded.
    if (auto *GV = dyn_cast<GlobalVariable>(Ptr)) {
      if (!TrackedGlobals.empty()) {
        // If we are tracking this global, merge in the known value for it.
        auto It = TrackedGlobals.find(GV);
        if (It != TrackedGlobals.end()) {
          mergeInValue(IV, &I, It->second, getMaxWidenStepsOpts());
          return;
        }
      }
    }
 
    // Transform load from a constant into a constant if possible.
    if (Constant *C = ConstantFoldLoadFromConstPtr(Ptr, I.getType(), DL))
      return (void)markConstant(IV, &I, C);
  }
 
  // Fall back to metadata.
  mergeInValue(&I, getValueFromMetadata(&I));
}
 
void SCCPInstVisitor::visitCallBase(CallBase &CB) {
  handleCallResult(CB);
  handleCallArguments(CB);
}
 
void SCCPInstVisitor::handleCallOverdefined(CallBase &CB) {
  Function *F = CB.getCalledFunction();
 
  // Void return and not tracking callee, just bail.
  if (CB.getType()->isVoidTy())
    return;
 
  // Always mark struct return as overdefined.
  if (CB.getType()->isStructTy())
    return (void)markOverdefined(&CB);
 
  // Otherwise, if we have a single return value case, and if the function is
  // a declaration, maybe we can constant fold it.
  if (F && F->isDeclaration() && canConstantFoldCallTo(&CB, F)) {
    SmallVector<Constant *, 8> Operands;
    for (const Use &A : CB.args()) {
      if (A.get()->getType()->isStructTy())
        return markOverdefined(&CB); // Can't handle struct args.
      if (A.get()->getType()->isMetadataTy())
        continue;                    // Carried in CB, not allowed in Operands.
      ValueLatticeElement State = getValueState(A);
 
      if (State.isUnknownOrUndef())
        return; // Operands are not resolved yet.
      if (SCCPSolver::isOverdefined(State))
        return (void)markOverdefined(&CB);
      assert(SCCPSolver::isConstant(State) && "Unknown state!");
      Operands.push_back(getConstant(State, A->getType()));
    }
 
    if (SCCPSolver::isOverdefined(getValueState(&CB)))
      return (void)markOverdefined(&CB);
 
    // If we can constant fold this, mark the result of the call as a
    // constant.
    if (Constant *C = ConstantFoldCall(&CB, F, Operands, &GetTLI(*F)))
      return (void)markConstant(&CB, C);
  }
 
  // Fall back to metadata.
  mergeInValue(&CB, getValueFromMetadata(&CB));
}
 
void SCCPInstVisitor::handleCallArguments(CallBase &CB) {
  Function *F = CB.getCalledFunction();
  // If this is a local function that doesn't have its address taken, mark its
  // entry block executable and merge in the actual arguments to the call into
  // the formal arguments of the function.
  if (TrackingIncomingArguments.count(F)) {
    markBlockExecutable(&F->front());
 
    // Propagate information from this call site into the callee.
    auto CAI = CB.arg_begin();
    for (Function::arg_iterator AI = F->arg_begin(), E = F->arg_end(); AI != E;
         ++AI, ++CAI) {
      // If this argument is byval, and if the function is not readonly, there
      // will be an implicit copy formed of the input aggregate.
      if (AI->hasByValAttr() && !F->onlyReadsMemory()) {
        markOverdefined(&*AI);
        continue;
      }
 
      if (auto *STy = dyn_cast<StructType>(AI->getType())) {
        for (unsigned i = 0, e = STy->getNumElements(); i != e; ++i) {
          ValueLatticeElement CallArg = getStructValueState(*CAI, i);
          mergeInValue(getStructValueState(&*AI, i), &*AI, CallArg,
                       getMaxWidenStepsOpts());
        }
      } else
        mergeInValue(&*AI, getValueState(*CAI), getMaxWidenStepsOpts());
    }
  }
}
 
void SCCPInstVisitor::handleCallResult(CallBase &CB) {
  Function *F = CB.getCalledFunction();
 
  if (auto *II = dyn_cast<IntrinsicInst>(&CB)) {
    if (II->getIntrinsicID() == Intrinsic::ssa_copy) {
      if (ValueState[&CB].isOverdefined())
        return;
 
      Value *CopyOf = CB.getOperand(0);
      ValueLatticeElement CopyOfVal = getValueState(CopyOf);
      const auto *PI = getPredicateInfoFor(&CB);
      assert(PI && "Missing predicate info for ssa.copy");
 
      const std::optional<PredicateConstraint> &Constraint =
          PI->getConstraint();
      if (!Constraint) {
        mergeInValue(ValueState[&CB], &CB, CopyOfVal);
        return;
      }
 
      CmpInst::Predicate Pred = Constraint->Predicate;
      Value *OtherOp = Constraint->OtherOp;
 
      // Wait until OtherOp is resolved.
      if (getValueState(OtherOp).isUnknown()) {
        addAdditionalUser(OtherOp, &CB);
        return;
      }
 
      ValueLatticeElement CondVal = getValueState(OtherOp);
      ValueLatticeElement &IV = ValueState[&CB];
      if (CondVal.isConstantRange() || CopyOfVal.isConstantRange()) {
        auto ImposedCR =
            ConstantRange::getFull(DL.getTypeSizeInBits(CopyOf->getType()));
 
        // Get the range imposed by the condition.
        if (CondVal.isConstantRange())
          ImposedCR = ConstantRange::makeAllowedICmpRegion(
              Pred, CondVal.getConstantRange());
 
        // Combine range info for the original value with the new range from the
        // condition.
        auto CopyOfCR = getConstantRange(CopyOfVal, CopyOf->getType());
        auto NewCR = ImposedCR.intersectWith(CopyOfCR);
        // If the existing information is != x, do not use the information from
        // a chained predicate, as the != x information is more likely to be
        // helpful in practice.
        if (!CopyOfCR.contains(NewCR) && CopyOfCR.getSingleMissingElement())
          NewCR = CopyOfCR;
 
        // The new range is based on a branch condition. That guarantees that
        // neither of the compare operands can be undef in the branch targets,
        // unless we have conditions that are always true/false (e.g. icmp ule
        // i32, %a, i32_max). For the latter overdefined/empty range will be
        // inferred, but the branch will get folded accordingly anyways.
        addAdditionalUser(OtherOp, &CB);
        mergeInValue(
            IV, &CB,
            ValueLatticeElement::getRange(NewCR, /*MayIncludeUndef*/ false));
        return;
      } else if (Pred == CmpInst::ICMP_EQ &&
                 (CondVal.isConstant() || CondVal.isNotConstant())) {
        // For non-integer values or integer constant expressions, only
        // propagate equal constants or not-constants.
        addAdditionalUser(OtherOp, &CB);
        mergeInValue(IV, &CB, CondVal);
        return;
      } else if (Pred == CmpInst::ICMP_NE && CondVal.isConstant()) {
        // Propagate inequalities.
        addAdditionalUser(OtherOp, &CB);
        mergeInValue(IV, &CB,
                     ValueLatticeElement::getNot(CondVal.getConstant()));
        return;
      }
 
      return (void)mergeInValue(IV, &CB, CopyOfVal);
    }
 
    if (ConstantRange::isIntrinsicSupported(II->getIntrinsicID())) {
      // Compute result range for intrinsics supported by ConstantRange.
      // Do this even if we don't know a range for all operands, as we may
      // still know something about the result range, e.g. of abs(x).
      SmallVector<ConstantRange, 2> OpRanges;
      for (Value *Op : II->args()) {
        const ValueLatticeElement &State = getValueState(Op);
        if (State.isUnknownOrUndef())
          return;
        OpRanges.push_back(getConstantRange(State, Op->getType()));
      }
 
      ConstantRange Result =
          ConstantRange::intrinsic(II->getIntrinsicID(), OpRanges);
      return (void)mergeInValue(II, ValueLatticeElement::getRange(Result));
    }
  }
 
  // The common case is that we aren't tracking the callee, either because we
  // are not doing interprocedural analysis or the callee is indirect, or is
  // external.  Handle these cases first.
  if (!F || F->isDeclaration())
    return handleCallOverdefined(CB);
 
  // If this is a single/zero retval case, see if we're tracking the function.
  if (auto *STy = dyn_cast<StructType>(F->getReturnType())) {
    if (!MRVFunctionsTracked.count(F))
      return handleCallOverdefined(CB); // Not tracking this callee.
 
    // If we are tracking this callee, propagate the result of the function
    // into this call site.
    for (unsigned i = 0, e = STy->getNumElements(); i != e; ++i)
      mergeInValue(getStructValueState(&CB, i), &CB,
                   TrackedMultipleRetVals[std::make_pair(F, i)],
                   getMaxWidenStepsOpts());
  } else {
    auto TFRVI = TrackedRetVals.find(F);
    if (TFRVI == TrackedRetVals.end())
      return handleCallOverdefined(CB); // Not tracking this callee.
 
    // If so, propagate the return value of the callee into this call result.
    mergeInValue(&CB, TFRVI->second, getMaxWidenStepsOpts());
  }
}
 
void SCCPInstVisitor::solve() {
  // Process the work lists until they are empty!
  while (!BBWorkList.empty() || !InstWorkList.empty() ||
         !OverdefinedInstWorkList.empty()) {
    // Process the overdefined instruction's work list first, which drives other
    // things to overdefined more quickly.
    while (!OverdefinedInstWorkList.empty()) {
      Value *I = OverdefinedInstWorkList.pop_back_val();
      Invalidated.erase(I);
 
      LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "\nPopped off OI-WL: " << *I << '\n');
 
      // "I" got into the work list because it either made the transition from
      // bottom to constant, or to overdefined.
      //
      // Anything on this worklist that is overdefined need not be visited
      // since all of its users will have already been marked as overdefined
      // Update all of the users of this instruction's value.
      //
      markUsersAsChanged(I);
    }
 
    // Process the instruction work list.
    while (!InstWorkList.empty()) {
      Value *I = InstWorkList.pop_back_val();
      Invalidated.erase(I);
 
      LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "\nPopped off I-WL: " << *I << '\n');
 
      // "I" got into the work list because it made the transition from undef to
      // constant.
      //
      // Anything on this worklist that is overdefined need not be visited
      // since all of its users will have already been marked as overdefined.
      // Update all of the users of this instruction's value.
      //
      if (I->getType()->isStructTy() || !getValueState(I).isOverdefined())
        markUsersAsChanged(I);
    }
 
    // Process the basic block work list.
    while (!BBWorkList.empty()) {
      BasicBlock *BB = BBWorkList.pop_back_val();
 
      LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "\nPopped off BBWL: " << *BB << '\n');
 
      // Notify all instructions in this basic block that they are newly
      // executable.
      visit(BB);
    }
  }
}
 
bool SCCPInstVisitor::resolvedUndef(Instruction &I) {
  // Look for instructions which produce undef values.
  if (I.getType()->isVoidTy())
    return false;
 
  if (auto *STy = dyn_cast<StructType>(I.getType())) {
    // Only a few things that can be structs matter for undef.
 
    // Tracked calls must never be marked overdefined in resolvedUndefsIn.
    if (auto *CB = dyn_cast<CallBase>(&I))
      if (Function *F = CB->getCalledFunction())
        if (MRVFunctionsTracked.count(F))
          return false;
 
    // extractvalue and insertvalue don't need to be marked; they are
    // tracked as precisely as their operands.
    if (isa<ExtractValueInst>(I) || isa<InsertValueInst>(I))
      return false;
    // Send the results of everything else to overdefined.  We could be
    // more precise than this but it isn't worth bothering.
    for (unsigned i = 0, e = STy->getNumElements(); i != e; ++i) {
      ValueLatticeElement &LV = getStructValueState(&I, i);
      if (LV.isUnknown()) {
        markOverdefined(LV, &I);
        return true;
      }
    }
    return false;
  }
 
  ValueLatticeElement &LV = getValueState(&I);
  if (!LV.isUnknown())
    return false;
 
  // There are two reasons a call can have an undef result
  // 1. It could be tracked.
  // 2. It could be constant-foldable.
  // Because of the way we solve return values, tracked calls must
  // never be marked overdefined in resolvedUndefsIn.
  if (auto *CB = dyn_cast<CallBase>(&I))
    if (Function *F = CB->getCalledFunction())
      if (TrackedRetVals.count(F))
        return false;
 
  if (isa<LoadInst>(I)) {
    // A load here means one of two things: a load of undef from a global,
    // a load from an unknown pointer.  Either way, having it return undef
    // is okay.
    return false;
  }
 
  markOverdefined(&I);
  return true;
}
 
/// While solving the dataflow for a function, we don't compute a result for
/// operations with an undef operand, to allow undef to be lowered to a
/// constant later. For example, constant folding of "zext i8 undef to i16"
/// would result in "i16 0", and if undef is later lowered to "i8 1", then the
/// zext result would become "i16 1" and would result into an overdefined
/// lattice value once merged with the previous result. Not computing the
/// result of the zext (treating undef the same as unknown) allows us to handle
/// a later undef->constant lowering more optimally.
///
/// However, if the operand remains undef when the solver returns, we do need
/// to assign some result to the instruction (otherwise we would treat it as
/// unreachable). For simplicity, we mark any instructions that are still
/// unknown as overdefined.
bool SCCPInstVisitor::resolvedUndefsIn(Function &F) {
  bool MadeChange = false;
  for (BasicBlock &BB : F) {
    if (!BBExecutable.count(&BB))
      continue;
 
    for (Instruction &I : BB)
      MadeChange |= resolvedUndef(I);
  }
 
  LLVM_DEBUG(if (MadeChange) dbgs()
             << "\nResolved undefs in " << F.getName() << '\n');
 
  return MadeChange;
}
 
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// SCCPSolver implementations
//
SCCPSolver::SCCPSolver(
    const DataLayout &DL,
    std::function<const TargetLibraryInfo &(Function &)> GetTLI,
    LLVMContext &Ctx)
    : Visitor(new SCCPInstVisitor(DL, std::move(GetTLI), Ctx)) {}
 
SCCPSolver::~SCCPSolver() = default;
 
void SCCPSolver::addPredicateInfo(Function &F, DominatorTree &DT,
                                  AssumptionCache &AC) {
  Visitor->addPredicateInfo(F, DT, AC);
}
 
bool SCCPSolver::markBlockExecutable(BasicBlock *BB) {
  return Visitor->markBlockExecutable(BB);
}
 
const PredicateBase *SCCPSolver::getPredicateInfoFor(Instruction *I) {
  return Visitor->getPredicateInfoFor(I);
}
 
void SCCPSolver::trackValueOfGlobalVariable(GlobalVariable *GV) {
  Visitor->trackValueOfGlobalVariable(GV);
}
 
void SCCPSolver::addTrackedFunction(Function *F) {
  Visitor->addTrackedFunction(F);
}
 
void SCCPSolver::addToMustPreserveReturnsInFunctions(Function *F) {
  Visitor->addToMustPreserveReturnsInFunctions(F);
}
 
bool SCCPSolver::mustPreserveReturn(Function *F) {
  return Visitor->mustPreserveReturn(F);
}
 
void SCCPSolver::addArgumentTrackedFunction(Function *F) {
  Visitor->addArgumentTrackedFunction(F);
}
 
bool SCCPSolver::isArgumentTrackedFunction(Function *F) {
  return Visitor->isArgumentTrackedFunction(F);
}
 
void SCCPSolver::solve() { Visitor->solve(); }
 
bool SCCPSolver::resolvedUndefsIn(Function &F) {
  return Visitor->resolvedUndefsIn(F);
}
 
void SCCPSolver::solveWhileResolvedUndefsIn(Module &M) {
  Visitor->solveWhileResolvedUndefsIn(M);
}
 
void
SCCPSolver::solveWhileResolvedUndefsIn(SmallVectorImpl<Function *> &WorkList) {
  Visitor->solveWhileResolvedUndefsIn(WorkList);
}
 
void SCCPSolver::solveWhileResolvedUndefs() {
  Visitor->solveWhileResolvedUndefs();
}
 
bool SCCPSolver::isBlockExecutable(BasicBlock *BB) const {
  return Visitor->isBlockExecutable(BB);
}
 
bool SCCPSolver::isEdgeFeasible(BasicBlock *From, BasicBlock *To) const {
  return Visitor->isEdgeFeasible(From, To);
}
 
std::vector<ValueLatticeElement>
SCCPSolver::getStructLatticeValueFor(Value *V) const {
  return Visitor->getStructLatticeValueFor(V);
}
 
void SCCPSolver::removeLatticeValueFor(Value *V) {
  return Visitor->removeLatticeValueFor(V);
}
 
void SCCPSolver::resetLatticeValueFor(CallBase *Call) {
  Visitor->resetLatticeValueFor(Call);
}
 
const ValueLatticeElement &SCCPSolver::getLatticeValueFor(Value *V) const {
  return Visitor->getLatticeValueFor(V);
}
 
const MapVector<Function *, ValueLatticeElement> &
SCCPSolver::getTrackedRetVals() {
  return Visitor->getTrackedRetVals();
}
 
const DenseMap<GlobalVariable *, ValueLatticeElement> &
SCCPSolver::getTrackedGlobals() {
  return Visitor->getTrackedGlobals();
}
 
const SmallPtrSet<Function *, 16> SCCPSolver::getMRVFunctionsTracked() {
  return Visitor->getMRVFunctionsTracked();
}
 
void SCCPSolver::markOverdefined(Value *V) { Visitor->markOverdefined(V); }
 
void SCCPSolver::trackValueOfArgument(Argument *V) {
  Visitor->trackValueOfArgument(V);
}
 
bool SCCPSolver::isStructLatticeConstant(Function *F, StructType *STy) {
  return Visitor->isStructLatticeConstant(F, STy);
}
 
Constant *SCCPSolver::getConstant(const ValueLatticeElement &LV,
                                  Type *Ty) const {
  return Visitor->getConstant(LV, Ty);
}
 
Constant *SCCPSolver::getConstantOrNull(Value *V) const {
  return Visitor->getConstantOrNull(V);
}
 
SmallPtrSetImpl<Function *> &SCCPSolver::getArgumentTrackedFunctions() {
  return Visitor->getArgumentTrackedFunctions();
}
 
void SCCPSolver::setLatticeValueForSpecializationArguments(Function *F,
                                   const SmallVectorImpl<ArgInfo> &Args) {
  Visitor->setLatticeValueForSpecializationArguments(F, Args);
}
 
void SCCPSolver::markFunctionUnreachable(Function *F) {
  Visitor->markFunctionUnreachable(F);
}
 
void SCCPSolver::visit(Instruction *I) { Visitor->visit(I); }
 
void SCCPSolver::visitCall(CallInst &I) { Visitor->visitCall(I); }