X86MCCodeEmitter.cpp

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//===-- X86MCCodeEmitter.cpp - Convert X86 code to machine code -----------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This file implements the X86MCCodeEmitter class.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
#include "MCTargetDesc/X86BaseInfo.h"
#include "MCTargetDesc/X86FixupKinds.h"
#include "MCTargetDesc/X86MCTargetDesc.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCCodeEmitter.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCContext.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCExpr.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCFixup.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCInst.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCInstrDesc.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCInstrInfo.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCRegisterInfo.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCSubtargetInfo.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCSymbol.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Casting.h"
#include "llvm/Support/ErrorHandling.h"
#include <cassert>
#include <cstdint>
#include <cstdlib>
 
using namespace llvm;
 
#define DEBUG_TYPE "mccodeemitter"
 
namespace {
 
enum PrefixKind { None, REX, REX2, XOP, VEX2, VEX3, EVEX };
 
static void emitByte(uint8_t C, SmallVectorImpl<char> &CB) { CB.push_back(C); }
 
class X86OpcodePrefixHelper {
  // REX (1 byte)
  // +-----+ +------+
  // | 40H | | WRXB |
  // +-----+ +------+
 
  // REX2 (2 bytes)
  // +-----+ +-------------------+
  // | D5H | | M | R'X'B' | WRXB |
  // +-----+ +-------------------+
 
  // XOP (3-byte)
  // +-----+ +--------------+ +-------------------+
  // | 8Fh | | RXB | m-mmmm | | W | vvvv | L | pp |
  // +-----+ +--------------+ +-------------------+
 
  // VEX2 (2 bytes)
  // +-----+ +-------------------+
  // | C5h | | R | vvvv | L | pp |
  // +-----+ +-------------------+
 
  // VEX3 (3 bytes)
  // +-----+ +--------------+ +-------------------+
  // | C4h | | RXB | m-mmmm | | W | vvvv | L | pp |
  // +-----+ +--------------+ +-------------------+
 
  // VEX_R: opcode externsion equivalent to REX.R in
  // 1's complement (inverted) form
  //
  //  1: Same as REX_R=0 (must be 1 in 32-bit mode)
  //  0: Same as REX_R=1 (64 bit mode only)
 
  // VEX_X: equivalent to REX.X, only used when a
  // register is used for index in SIB Byte.
  //
  //  1: Same as REX.X=0 (must be 1 in 32-bit mode)
  //  0: Same as REX.X=1 (64-bit mode only)
 
  // VEX_B:
  //  1: Same as REX_B=0 (ignored in 32-bit mode)
  //  0: Same as REX_B=1 (64 bit mode only)
 
  // VEX_W: opcode specific (use like REX.W, or used for
  // opcode extension, or ignored, depending on the opcode byte)
 
  // VEX_5M (VEX m-mmmmm field):
  //
  //  0b00000: Reserved for future use
  //  0b00001: implied 0F leading opcode
  //  0b00010: implied 0F 38 leading opcode bytes
  //  0b00011: implied 0F 3A leading opcode bytes
  //  0b00100: Reserved for future use
  //  0b00101: VEX MAP5
  //  0b00110: VEX MAP6
  //  0b00111: VEX MAP7
  //  0b00111-0b11111: Reserved for future use
  //  0b01000: XOP map select - 08h instructions with imm byte
  //  0b01001: XOP map select - 09h instructions with no imm byte
  //  0b01010: XOP map select - 0Ah instructions with imm dword
 
  // VEX_4V (VEX vvvv field): a register specifier
  // (in 1's complement form) or 1111 if unused.
 
  // VEX_PP: opcode extension providing equivalent
  // functionality of a SIMD prefix
  //  0b00: None
  //  0b01: 66
  //  0b10: F3
  //  0b11: F2
 
  // EVEX (4 bytes)
  // +-----+ +---------------+ +-------------------+ +------------------------+
  // | 62h | | RXBR' | B'mmm | | W | vvvv | U | pp | | z | L'L | b | v' | aaa |
  // +-----+ +---------------+ +-------------------+ +------------------------+
 
  // EVEX_L2/VEX_L (Vector Length):
  // L2 L
  //  0 0: scalar or 128-bit vector
  //  0 1: 256-bit vector
  //  1 0: 512-bit vector
 
  // 32-Register Support in 64-bit Mode Using EVEX with Embedded REX/REX2 Bits:
  //
  // +----------+---------+--------+-----------+---------+--------------+
  // |          |    4    |    3   |   [2:0]   | Type    | Common Usage |
  // +----------+---------+--------+-----------+---------+--------------+
  // | REG      | EVEX_R' | EVEX_R | modrm.reg | GPR, VR | Dest or Src  |
  // | VVVV     | EVEX_v' |       EVEX.vvvv    | GPR, VR | Dest or Src  |
  // | RM (VR)  | EVEX_X  | EVEX_B | modrm.r/m | VR      | Dest or Src  |
  // | RM (GPR) | EVEX_B' | EVEX_B | modrm.r/m | GPR     | Dest or Src  |
  // | BASE     | EVEX_B' | EVEX_B | modrm.r/m | GPR     | MA           |
  // | INDEX    | EVEX_U  | EVEX_X | sib.index | GPR     | MA           |
  // | VIDX     | EVEX_v' | EVEX_X | sib.index | VR      | VSIB MA      |
  // +----------+---------+--------+-----------+---------+--------------+
  //
  // * GPR  - General-purpose register
  // * VR   - Vector register
  // * VIDX - Vector index
  // * VSIB - Vector SIB
  // * MA   - Memory addressing
 
private:
  unsigned W : 1;
  unsigned R : 1;
  unsigned X : 1;
  unsigned B : 1;
  unsigned M : 1;
  unsigned R2 : 1;
  unsigned X2 : 1;
  unsigned B2 : 1;
  unsigned VEX_4V : 4;
  unsigned VEX_L : 1;
  unsigned VEX_PP : 2;
  unsigned VEX_5M : 5;
  unsigned EVEX_z : 1;
  unsigned EVEX_L2 : 1;
  unsigned EVEX_b : 1;
  unsigned EVEX_V2 : 1;
  unsigned EVEX_aaa : 3;
  PrefixKind Kind = None;
  const MCRegisterInfo &MRI;
 
  unsigned getRegEncoding(const MCInst &MI, unsigned OpNum) const {
    return MRI.getEncodingValue(MI.getOperand(OpNum).getReg());
  }
 
  void setR(unsigned Encoding) { R = Encoding >> 3 & 1; }
  void setR2(unsigned Encoding) {
    R2 = Encoding >> 4 & 1;
    assert((!R2 || (Kind <= REX2 || Kind == EVEX)) && "invalid setting");
  }
  void setX(unsigned Encoding) { X = Encoding >> 3 & 1; }
  void setX2(unsigned Encoding) {
    assert((Kind <= REX2 || Kind == EVEX) && "invalid setting");
    X2 = Encoding >> 4 & 1;
  }
  void setB(unsigned Encoding) { B = Encoding >> 3 & 1; }
  void setB2(unsigned Encoding) {
    assert((Kind <= REX2 || Kind == EVEX) && "invalid setting");
    B2 = Encoding >> 4 & 1;
  }
  void set4V(unsigned Encoding) { VEX_4V = Encoding & 0xf; }
  void setV2(unsigned Encoding) { EVEX_V2 = Encoding >> 4 & 1; }
 
public:
  void setW(bool V) { W = V; }
  void setR(const MCInst &MI, unsigned OpNum) {
    setR(getRegEncoding(MI, OpNum));
  }
  void setX(const MCInst &MI, unsigned OpNum, unsigned Shift = 3) {
    unsigned Reg = MI.getOperand(OpNum).getReg();
    // X is used to extend vector register only when shift is not 3.
    if (Shift != 3 && X86II::isApxExtendedReg(Reg))
      return;
    unsigned Encoding = MRI.getEncodingValue(Reg);
    X = Encoding >> Shift & 1;
  }
  void setB(const MCInst &MI, unsigned OpNum) {
    B = getRegEncoding(MI, OpNum) >> 3 & 1;
  }
  void set4V(const MCInst &MI, unsigned OpNum, bool IsImm = false) {
    // OF, SF, ZF and CF reuse VEX_4V bits but are not reversed
    if (IsImm)
      set4V(~(MI.getOperand(OpNum).getImm()));
    else
      set4V(getRegEncoding(MI, OpNum));
  }
  void setL(bool V) { VEX_L = V; }
  void setPP(unsigned V) { VEX_PP = V; }
  void set5M(unsigned V) { VEX_5M = V; }
  void setR2(const MCInst &MI, unsigned OpNum) {
    setR2(getRegEncoding(MI, OpNum));
  }
  void setRR2(const MCInst &MI, unsigned OpNum) {
    unsigned Encoding = getRegEncoding(MI, OpNum);
    setR(Encoding);
    setR2(Encoding);
  }
  void setM(bool V) { M = V; }
  void setXX2(const MCInst &MI, unsigned OpNum) {
    unsigned Reg = MI.getOperand(OpNum).getReg();
    unsigned Encoding = MRI.getEncodingValue(Reg);
    setX(Encoding);
    // Index can be a vector register while X2 is used to extend GPR only.
    if (Kind <= REX2 || X86II::isApxExtendedReg(Reg))
      setX2(Encoding);
  }
  void setBB2(const MCInst &MI, unsigned OpNum) {
    unsigned Reg = MI.getOperand(OpNum).getReg();
    unsigned Encoding = MRI.getEncodingValue(Reg);
    setB(Encoding);
    // Base can be a vector register while B2 is used to extend GPR only
    if (Kind <= REX2 || X86II::isApxExtendedReg(Reg))
      setB2(Encoding);
  }
  void setZ(bool V) { EVEX_z = V; }
  void setL2(bool V) { EVEX_L2 = V; }
  void setEVEX_b(bool V) { EVEX_b = V; }
  void setEVEX_U(bool V) { X2 = V; }
  void setV2(const MCInst &MI, unsigned OpNum, bool HasVEX_4V) {
    // Only needed with VSIB which don't use VVVV.
    if (HasVEX_4V)
      return;
    unsigned Reg = MI.getOperand(OpNum).getReg();
    if (X86II::isApxExtendedReg(Reg))
      return;
    setV2(MRI.getEncodingValue(Reg));
  }
  void set4VV2(const MCInst &MI, unsigned OpNum) {
    unsigned Encoding = getRegEncoding(MI, OpNum);
    set4V(Encoding);
    setV2(Encoding);
  }
  void setAAA(const MCInst &MI, unsigned OpNum) {
    EVEX_aaa = getRegEncoding(MI, OpNum);
  }
  void setNF(bool V) { EVEX_aaa |= V << 2; }
  void setSC(const MCInst &MI, unsigned OpNum) {
    unsigned Encoding = MI.getOperand(OpNum).getImm();
    EVEX_V2 = ~(Encoding >> 3) & 0x1;
    EVEX_aaa = Encoding & 0x7;
  }
 
  X86OpcodePrefixHelper(const MCRegisterInfo &MRI)
      : W(0), R(0), X(0), B(0), M(0), R2(0), X2(0), B2(0), VEX_4V(0), VEX_L(0),
        VEX_PP(0), VEX_5M(0), EVEX_z(0), EVEX_L2(0), EVEX_b(0), EVEX_V2(0),
        EVEX_aaa(0), MRI(MRI) {}
 
  void setLowerBound(PrefixKind K) { Kind = K; }
 
  PrefixKind determineOptimalKind() {
    switch (Kind) {
    case None:
      // Not M bit here by intention b/c
      // 1. No guarantee that REX2 is supported by arch w/o explict EGPR
      // 2. REX2 is longer than 0FH
      Kind = (R2 | X2 | B2) ? REX2 : (W | R | X | B) ? REX : None;
      break;
    case REX:
      Kind = (R2 | X2 | B2) ? REX2 : REX;
      break;
    case REX2:
    case XOP:
    case VEX3:
    case EVEX:
      break;
    case VEX2:
      Kind = (W | X | B | (VEX_5M != 1)) ? VEX3 : VEX2;
      break;
    }
    return Kind;
  }
 
  void emit(SmallVectorImpl<char> &CB) const {
    uint8_t FirstPayload =
        ((~R) & 0x1) << 7 | ((~X) & 0x1) << 6 | ((~B) & 0x1) << 5;
    uint8_t LastPayload = ((~VEX_4V) & 0xf) << 3 | VEX_L << 2 | VEX_PP;
    switch (Kind) {
    case None:
      return;
    case REX:
      emitByte(0x40 | W << 3 | R << 2 | X << 1 | B, CB);
      return;
    case REX2:
      emitByte(0xD5, CB);
      emitByte(M << 7 | R2 << 6 | X2 << 5 | B2 << 4 | W << 3 | R << 2 | X << 1 |
                   B,
               CB);
      return;
    case VEX2:
      emitByte(0xC5, CB);
      emitByte(((~R) & 1) << 7 | LastPayload, CB);
      return;
    case VEX3:
    case XOP:
      emitByte(Kind == VEX3 ? 0xC4 : 0x8F, CB);
      emitByte(FirstPayload | VEX_5M, CB);
      emitByte(W << 7 | LastPayload, CB);
      return;
    case EVEX:
      assert(VEX_5M && !(VEX_5M & 0x8) && "invalid mmm fields for EVEX!");
      emitByte(0x62, CB);
      emitByte(FirstPayload | ((~R2) & 0x1) << 4 | B2 << 3 | VEX_5M, CB);
      emitByte(W << 7 | ((~VEX_4V) & 0xf) << 3 | ((~X2) & 0x1) << 2 | VEX_PP,
               CB);
      emitByte(EVEX_z << 7 | EVEX_L2 << 6 | VEX_L << 5 | EVEX_b << 4 |
                   ((~EVEX_V2) & 0x1) << 3 | EVEX_aaa,
               CB);
      return;
    }
  }
};
 
class X86MCCodeEmitter : public MCCodeEmitter {
  const MCInstrInfo &MCII;
  MCContext &Ctx;
 
public:
  X86MCCodeEmitter(const MCInstrInfo &mcii, MCContext &ctx)
      : MCII(mcii), Ctx(ctx) {}
  X86MCCodeEmitter(const X86MCCodeEmitter &) = delete;
  X86MCCodeEmitter &operator=(const X86MCCodeEmitter &) = delete;
  ~X86MCCodeEmitter() override = default;
 
  void emitPrefix(const MCInst &MI, SmallVectorImpl<char> &CB,
                  const MCSubtargetInfo &STI) const;
 
  void encodeInstruction(const MCInst &MI, SmallVectorImpl<char> &CB,
                         SmallVectorImpl<MCFixup> &Fixups,
                         const MCSubtargetInfo &STI) const override;
 
private:
  unsigned getX86RegNum(const MCOperand &MO) const;
 
  unsigned getX86RegEncoding(const MCInst &MI, unsigned OpNum) const;
 
  void emitImmediate(const MCOperand &Disp, SMLoc Loc, unsigned ImmSize,
                     MCFixupKind FixupKind, uint64_t StartByte,
                     SmallVectorImpl<char> &CB,
                     SmallVectorImpl<MCFixup> &Fixups, int ImmOffset = 0) const;
 
  void emitRegModRMByte(const MCOperand &ModRMReg, unsigned RegOpcodeFld,
                        SmallVectorImpl<char> &CB) const;
 
  void emitSIBByte(unsigned SS, unsigned Index, unsigned Base,
                   SmallVectorImpl<char> &CB) const;
 
  void emitMemModRMByte(const MCInst &MI, unsigned Op, unsigned RegOpcodeField,
                        uint64_t TSFlags, PrefixKind Kind, uint64_t StartByte,
                        SmallVectorImpl<char> &CB,
                        SmallVectorImpl<MCFixup> &Fixups,
                        const MCSubtargetInfo &STI,
                        bool ForceSIB = false) const;
 
  PrefixKind emitPrefixImpl(unsigned &CurOp, const MCInst &MI,
                            const MCSubtargetInfo &STI,
                            SmallVectorImpl<char> &CB) const;
 
  PrefixKind emitVEXOpcodePrefix(int MemOperand, const MCInst &MI,
                                 const MCSubtargetInfo &STI,
                                 SmallVectorImpl<char> &CB) const;
 
  void emitSegmentOverridePrefix(unsigned SegOperand, const MCInst &MI,
                                 SmallVectorImpl<char> &CB) const;
 
  PrefixKind emitOpcodePrefix(int MemOperand, const MCInst &MI,
                              const MCSubtargetInfo &STI,
                              SmallVectorImpl<char> &CB) const;
 
  PrefixKind emitREXPrefix(int MemOperand, const MCInst &MI,
                           const MCSubtargetInfo &STI,
                           SmallVectorImpl<char> &CB) const;
};
 
} // end anonymous namespace
 
static uint8_t modRMByte(unsigned Mod, unsigned RegOpcode, unsigned RM) {
  assert(Mod < 4 && RegOpcode < 8 && RM < 8 && "ModRM Fields out of range!");
  return RM | (RegOpcode << 3) | (Mod << 6);
}
 
static void emitConstant(uint64_t Val, unsigned Size,
                         SmallVectorImpl<char> &CB) {
  // Output the constant in little endian byte order.
  for (unsigned i = 0; i != Size; ++i) {
    emitByte(Val & 255, CB);
    Val >>= 8;
  }
}
 
/// Determine if this immediate can fit in a disp8 or a compressed disp8 for
/// EVEX instructions. \p will be set to the value to pass to the ImmOffset
/// parameter of emitImmediate.
static bool isDispOrCDisp8(uint64_t TSFlags, int Value, int &ImmOffset) {
  bool HasEVEX = (TSFlags & X86II::EncodingMask) == X86II::EVEX;
 
  unsigned CD8_Scale =
      (TSFlags & X86II::CD8_Scale_Mask) >> X86II::CD8_Scale_Shift;
  CD8_Scale = CD8_Scale ? 1U << (CD8_Scale - 1) : 0U;
  if (!HasEVEX || !CD8_Scale)
    return isInt<8>(Value);
 
  assert(isPowerOf2_32(CD8_Scale) && "Unexpected CD8 scale!");
  if (Value & (CD8_Scale - 1)) // Unaligned offset
    return false;
 
  int CDisp8 = Value / static_cast<int>(CD8_Scale);
  if (!isInt<8>(CDisp8))
    return false;
 
  // ImmOffset will be added to Value in emitImmediate leaving just CDisp8.
  ImmOffset = CDisp8 - Value;
  return true;
}
 
/// \returns the appropriate fixup kind to use for an immediate in an
/// instruction with the specified TSFlags.
static MCFixupKind getImmFixupKind(uint64_t TSFlags) {
  unsigned Size = X86II::getSizeOfImm(TSFlags);
  bool isPCRel = X86II::isImmPCRel(TSFlags);
 
  if (X86II::isImmSigned(TSFlags)) {
    switch (Size) {
    default:
      llvm_unreachable("Unsupported signed fixup size!");
    case 4:
      return MCFixupKind(X86::reloc_signed_4byte);
    }
  }
  return MCFixup::getKindForSize(Size, isPCRel);
}
 
enum GlobalOffsetTableExprKind { GOT_None, GOT_Normal, GOT_SymDiff };
 
/// Check if this expression starts with  _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ and if it is
/// of the form _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_-symbol. This is needed to support PIC on
/// ELF i386 as _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ is magical. We check only simple case that
/// are know to be used: _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ by itself or at the start of a
/// binary expression.
static GlobalOffsetTableExprKind
startsWithGlobalOffsetTable(const MCExpr *Expr) {
  const MCExpr *RHS = nullptr;
  if (Expr->getKind() == MCExpr::Binary) {
    const MCBinaryExpr *BE = static_cast<const MCBinaryExpr *>(Expr);
    Expr = BE->getLHS();
    RHS = BE->getRHS();
  }
 
  if (Expr->getKind() != MCExpr::SymbolRef)
    return GOT_None;
 
  const MCSymbolRefExpr *Ref = static_cast<const MCSymbolRefExpr *>(Expr);
  const MCSymbol &S = Ref->getSymbol();
  if (S.getName() != "_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_")
    return GOT_None;
  if (RHS && RHS->getKind() == MCExpr::SymbolRef)
    return GOT_SymDiff;
  return GOT_Normal;
}
 
static bool hasSecRelSymbolRef(const MCExpr *Expr) {
  if (Expr->getKind() == MCExpr::SymbolRef) {
    const MCSymbolRefExpr *Ref = static_cast<const MCSymbolRefExpr *>(Expr);
    return Ref->getKind() == MCSymbolRefExpr::VK_SECREL;
  }
  return false;
}
 
static bool isPCRel32Branch(const MCInst &MI, const MCInstrInfo &MCII) {
  unsigned Opcode = MI.getOpcode();
  const MCInstrDesc &Desc = MCII.get(Opcode);
  if ((Opcode != X86::CALL64pcrel32 && Opcode != X86::JMP_4 &&
       Opcode != X86::JCC_4) ||
      getImmFixupKind(Desc.TSFlags) != FK_PCRel_4)
    return false;
 
  unsigned CurOp = X86II::getOperandBias(Desc);
  const MCOperand &Op = MI.getOperand(CurOp);
  if (!Op.isExpr())
    return false;
 
  const MCSymbolRefExpr *Ref = dyn_cast<MCSymbolRefExpr>(Op.getExpr());
  return Ref && Ref->getKind() == MCSymbolRefExpr::VK_None;
}
 
unsigned X86MCCodeEmitter::getX86RegNum(const MCOperand &MO) const {
  return Ctx.getRegisterInfo()->getEncodingValue(MO.getReg()) & 0x7;
}
 
unsigned X86MCCodeEmitter::getX86RegEncoding(const MCInst &MI,
                                             unsigned OpNum) const {
  return Ctx.getRegisterInfo()->getEncodingValue(MI.getOperand(OpNum).getReg());
}
 
void X86MCCodeEmitter::emitImmediate(const MCOperand &DispOp, SMLoc Loc,
                                     unsigned Size, MCFixupKind FixupKind,
                                     uint64_t StartByte,
                                     SmallVectorImpl<char> &CB,
                                     SmallVectorImpl<MCFixup> &Fixups,
                                     int ImmOffset) const {
  const MCExpr *Expr = nullptr;
  if (DispOp.isImm()) {
    // If this is a simple integer displacement that doesn't require a
    // relocation, emit it now.
    if (FixupKind != FK_PCRel_1 && FixupKind != FK_PCRel_2 &&
        FixupKind != FK_PCRel_4) {
      emitConstant(DispOp.getImm() + ImmOffset, Size, CB);
      return;
    }
    Expr = MCConstantExpr::create(DispOp.getImm(), Ctx);
  } else {
    Expr = DispOp.getExpr();
  }
 
  // If we have an immoffset, add it to the expression.
  if ((FixupKind == FK_Data_4 || FixupKind == FK_Data_8 ||
       FixupKind == MCFixupKind(X86::reloc_signed_4byte))) {
    GlobalOffsetTableExprKind Kind = startsWithGlobalOffsetTable(Expr);
    if (Kind != GOT_None) {
      assert(ImmOffset == 0);
 
      if (Size == 8) {
        FixupKind = MCFixupKind(X86::reloc_global_offset_table8);
      } else {
        assert(Size == 4);
        FixupKind = MCFixupKind(X86::reloc_global_offset_table);
      }
 
      if (Kind == GOT_Normal)
        ImmOffset = static_cast<int>(CB.size() - StartByte);
    } else if (Expr->getKind() == MCExpr::SymbolRef) {
      if (hasSecRelSymbolRef(Expr)) {
        FixupKind = MCFixupKind(FK_SecRel_4);
      }
    } else if (Expr->getKind() == MCExpr::Binary) {
      const MCBinaryExpr *Bin = static_cast<const MCBinaryExpr *>(Expr);
      if (hasSecRelSymbolRef(Bin->getLHS()) ||
          hasSecRelSymbolRef(Bin->getRHS())) {
        FixupKind = MCFixupKind(FK_SecRel_4);
      }
    }
  }
 
  // If the fixup is pc-relative, we need to bias the value to be relative to
  // the start of the field, not the end of the field.
  if (FixupKind == FK_PCRel_4 ||
      FixupKind == MCFixupKind(X86::reloc_riprel_4byte) ||
      FixupKind == MCFixupKind(X86::reloc_riprel_4byte_movq_load) ||
      FixupKind == MCFixupKind(X86::reloc_riprel_4byte_relax) ||
      FixupKind == MCFixupKind(X86::reloc_riprel_4byte_relax_rex) ||
      FixupKind == MCFixupKind(X86::reloc_branch_4byte_pcrel)) {
    ImmOffset -= 4;
    // If this is a pc-relative load off _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_:
    // leaq _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_(%rip), %r15
    // this needs to be a GOTPC32 relocation.
    if (startsWithGlobalOffsetTable(Expr) != GOT_None)
      FixupKind = MCFixupKind(X86::reloc_global_offset_table);
  }
  if (FixupKind == FK_PCRel_2)
    ImmOffset -= 2;
  if (FixupKind == FK_PCRel_1)
    ImmOffset -= 1;
 
  if (ImmOffset)
    Expr = MCBinaryExpr::createAdd(Expr, MCConstantExpr::create(ImmOffset, Ctx),
                                   Ctx);
 
  // Emit a symbolic constant as a fixup and 4 zeros.
  Fixups.push_back(MCFixup::create(static_cast<uint32_t>(CB.size() - StartByte),
                                   Expr, FixupKind, Loc));
  emitConstant(0, Size, CB);
}
 
void X86MCCodeEmitter::emitRegModRMByte(const MCOperand &ModRMReg,
                                        unsigned RegOpcodeFld,
                                        SmallVectorImpl<char> &CB) const {
  emitByte(modRMByte(3, RegOpcodeFld, getX86RegNum(ModRMReg)), CB);
}
 
void X86MCCodeEmitter::emitSIBByte(unsigned SS, unsigned Index, unsigned Base,
                                   SmallVectorImpl<char> &CB) const {
  // SIB byte is in the same format as the modRMByte.
  emitByte(modRMByte(SS, Index, Base), CB);
}
 
void X86MCCodeEmitter::emitMemModRMByte(
    const MCInst &MI, unsigned Op, unsigned RegOpcodeField, uint64_t TSFlags,
    PrefixKind Kind, uint64_t StartByte, SmallVectorImpl<char> &CB,
    SmallVectorImpl<MCFixup> &Fixups, const MCSubtargetInfo &STI,
    bool ForceSIB) const {
  const MCOperand &Disp = MI.getOperand(Op + X86::AddrDisp);
  const MCOperand &Base = MI.getOperand(Op + X86::AddrBaseReg);
  const MCOperand &Scale = MI.getOperand(Op + X86::AddrScaleAmt);
  const MCOperand &IndexReg = MI.getOperand(Op + X86::AddrIndexReg);
  unsigned BaseReg = Base.getReg();
 
  // Handle %rip relative addressing.
  if (BaseReg == X86::RIP ||
      BaseReg == X86::EIP) { // [disp32+rIP] in X86-64 mode
    assert(STI.hasFeature(X86::Is64Bit) &&
           "Rip-relative addressing requires 64-bit mode");
    assert(IndexReg.getReg() == 0 && !ForceSIB &&
           "Invalid rip-relative address");
    emitByte(modRMByte(0, RegOpcodeField, 5), CB);
 
    unsigned Opcode = MI.getOpcode();
    unsigned FixupKind = [&]() {
      // Enable relaxed relocation only for a MCSymbolRefExpr.  We cannot use a
      // relaxed relocation if an offset is present (e.g. x@GOTPCREL+4).
      if (!(Disp.isExpr() && isa<MCSymbolRefExpr>(Disp.getExpr())))
        return X86::reloc_riprel_4byte;
 
      // Certain loads for GOT references can be relocated against the symbol
      // directly if the symbol ends up in the same linkage unit.
      switch (Opcode) {
      default:
        return X86::reloc_riprel_4byte;
      case X86::MOV64rm:
        // movq loads is a subset of reloc_riprel_4byte_relax_rex. It is a
        // special case because COFF and Mach-O don't support ELF's more
        // flexible R_X86_64_REX_GOTPCRELX relaxation.
        // TODO: Support new relocation for REX2.
        assert(Kind == REX || Kind == REX2);
        return X86::reloc_riprel_4byte_movq_load;
      case X86::ADC32rm:
      case X86::ADD32rm:
      case X86::AND32rm:
      case X86::CMP32rm:
      case X86::MOV32rm:
      case X86::OR32rm:
      case X86::SBB32rm:
      case X86::SUB32rm:
      case X86::TEST32mr:
      case X86::XOR32rm:
      case X86::CALL64m:
      case X86::JMP64m:
      case X86::TAILJMPm64:
      case X86::TEST64mr:
      case X86::ADC64rm:
      case X86::ADD64rm:
      case X86::AND64rm:
      case X86::CMP64rm:
      case X86::OR64rm:
      case X86::SBB64rm:
      case X86::SUB64rm:
      case X86::XOR64rm:
        // We haven't support relocation for REX2 prefix, so temporarily use REX
        // relocation.
        // TODO: Support new relocation for REX2.
        return (Kind == REX || Kind == REX2) ? X86::reloc_riprel_4byte_relax_rex
                                             : X86::reloc_riprel_4byte_relax;
      }
    }();
 
    // rip-relative addressing is actually relative to the *next* instruction.
    // Since an immediate can follow the mod/rm byte for an instruction, this
    // means that we need to bias the displacement field of the instruction with
    // the size of the immediate field. If we have this case, add it into the
    // expression to emit.
    // Note: rip-relative addressing using immediate displacement values should
    // not be adjusted, assuming it was the user's intent.
    int ImmSize = !Disp.isImm() && X86II::hasImm(TSFlags)
                      ? X86II::getSizeOfImm(TSFlags)
                      : 0;
 
    emitImmediate(Disp, MI.getLoc(), 4, MCFixupKind(FixupKind), StartByte, CB,
                  Fixups, -ImmSize);
    return;
  }
 
  unsigned BaseRegNo = BaseReg ? getX86RegNum(Base) : -1U;
 
  bool IsAdSize16 = STI.hasFeature(X86::Is32Bit) &&
                    (TSFlags & X86II::AdSizeMask) == X86II::AdSize16;
 
  // 16-bit addressing forms of the ModR/M byte have a different encoding for
  // the R/M field and are far more limited in which registers can be used.
  if (IsAdSize16 || X86_MC::is16BitMemOperand(MI, Op, STI)) {
    if (BaseReg) {
      // For 32-bit addressing, the row and column values in Table 2-2 are
      // basically the same. It's AX/CX/DX/BX/SP/BP/SI/DI in that order, with
      // some special cases. And getX86RegNum reflects that numbering.
      // For 16-bit addressing it's more fun, as shown in the SDM Vol 2A,
      // Table 2-1 "16-Bit Addressing Forms with the ModR/M byte". We can only
      // use SI/DI/BP/BX, which have "row" values 4-7 in no particular order,
      // while values 0-3 indicate the allowed combinations (base+index) of
      // those: 0 for BX+SI, 1 for BX+DI, 2 for BP+SI, 3 for BP+DI.
      //
      // R16Table[] is a lookup from the normal RegNo, to the row values from
      // Table 2-1 for 16-bit addressing modes. Where zero means disallowed.
      static const unsigned R16Table[] = {0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 6, 4, 5};
      unsigned RMfield = R16Table[BaseRegNo];
 
      assert(RMfield && "invalid 16-bit base register");
 
      if (IndexReg.getReg()) {
        unsigned IndexReg16 = R16Table[getX86RegNum(IndexReg)];
 
        assert(IndexReg16 && "invalid 16-bit index register");
        // We must have one of SI/DI (4,5), and one of BP/BX (6,7).
        assert(((IndexReg16 ^ RMfield) & 2) &&
               "invalid 16-bit base/index register combination");
        assert(Scale.getImm() == 1 &&
               "invalid scale for 16-bit memory reference");
 
        // Allow base/index to appear in either order (although GAS doesn't).
        if (IndexReg16 & 2)
          RMfield = (RMfield & 1) | ((7 - IndexReg16) << 1);
        else
          RMfield = (IndexReg16 & 1) | ((7 - RMfield) << 1);
      }
 
      if (Disp.isImm() && isInt<8>(Disp.getImm())) {
        if (Disp.getImm() == 0 && RMfield != 6) {
          // There is no displacement; just the register.
          emitByte(modRMByte(0, RegOpcodeField, RMfield), CB);
          return;
        }
        // Use the [REG]+disp8 form, including for [BP] which cannot be encoded.
        emitByte(modRMByte(1, RegOpcodeField, RMfield), CB);
        emitImmediate(Disp, MI.getLoc(), 1, FK_Data_1, StartByte, CB, Fixups);
        return;
      }
      // This is the [REG]+disp16 case.
      emitByte(modRMByte(2, RegOpcodeField, RMfield), CB);
    } else {
      assert(IndexReg.getReg() == 0 && "Unexpected index register!");
      // There is no BaseReg; this is the plain [disp16] case.
      emitByte(modRMByte(0, RegOpcodeField, 6), CB);
    }
 
    // Emit 16-bit displacement for plain disp16 or [REG]+disp16 cases.
    emitImmediate(Disp, MI.getLoc(), 2, FK_Data_2, StartByte, CB, Fixups);
    return;
  }
 
  // Check for presence of {disp8} or {disp32} pseudo prefixes.
  bool UseDisp8 = MI.getFlags() & X86::IP_USE_DISP8;
  bool UseDisp32 = MI.getFlags() & X86::IP_USE_DISP32;
 
  // We only allow no displacement if no pseudo prefix is present.
  bool AllowNoDisp = !UseDisp8 && !UseDisp32;
  // Disp8 is allowed unless the {disp32} prefix is present.
  bool AllowDisp8 = !UseDisp32;
 
  // Determine whether a SIB byte is needed.
  if (!ForceSIB && !X86II::needSIB(BaseReg, IndexReg.getReg(),
                                   STI.hasFeature(X86::Is64Bit))) {
    if (BaseReg == 0) { // [disp32]     in X86-32 mode
      emitByte(modRMByte(0, RegOpcodeField, 5), CB);
      emitImmediate(Disp, MI.getLoc(), 4, FK_Data_4, StartByte, CB, Fixups);
      return;
    }
 
    // If the base is not EBP/ESP/R12/R13/R20/R21/R28/R29 and there is no
    // displacement, use simple indirect register encoding, this handles
    // addresses like [EAX]. The encoding for [EBP], [R13], [R20], [R21], [R28]
    // or [R29] with no displacement means [disp32] so we handle it by emitting
    // a displacement of 0 later.
    if (BaseRegNo != N86::EBP) {
      if (Disp.isImm() && Disp.getImm() == 0 && AllowNoDisp) {
        emitByte(modRMByte(0, RegOpcodeField, BaseRegNo), CB);
        return;
      }
 
      // If the displacement is @tlscall, treat it as a zero.
      if (Disp.isExpr()) {
        auto *Sym = dyn_cast<MCSymbolRefExpr>(Disp.getExpr());
        if (Sym && Sym->getKind() == MCSymbolRefExpr::VK_TLSCALL) {
          // This is exclusively used by call *a@tlscall(base). The relocation
          // (R_386_TLSCALL or R_X86_64_TLSCALL) applies to the beginning.
          Fixups.push_back(MCFixup::create(0, Sym, FK_NONE, MI.getLoc()));
          emitByte(modRMByte(0, RegOpcodeField, BaseRegNo), CB);
          return;
        }
      }
    }
 
    // Otherwise, if the displacement fits in a byte, encode as [REG+disp8].
    // Including a compressed disp8 for EVEX instructions that support it.
    // This also handles the 0 displacement for [EBP], [R13], [R21] or [R29]. We
    // can't use disp8 if the {disp32} pseudo prefix is present.
    if (Disp.isImm() && AllowDisp8) {
      int ImmOffset = 0;
      if (isDispOrCDisp8(TSFlags, Disp.getImm(), ImmOffset)) {
        emitByte(modRMByte(1, RegOpcodeField, BaseRegNo), CB);
        emitImmediate(Disp, MI.getLoc(), 1, FK_Data_1, StartByte, CB, Fixups,
                      ImmOffset);
        return;
      }
    }
 
    // Otherwise, emit the most general non-SIB encoding: [REG+disp32].
    // Displacement may be 0 for [EBP], [R13], [R21], [R29] case if {disp32}
    // pseudo prefix prevented using disp8 above.
    emitByte(modRMByte(2, RegOpcodeField, BaseRegNo), CB);
    unsigned Opcode = MI.getOpcode();
    unsigned FixupKind = Opcode == X86::MOV32rm ? X86::reloc_signed_4byte_relax
                                                : X86::reloc_signed_4byte;
    emitImmediate(Disp, MI.getLoc(), 4, MCFixupKind(FixupKind), StartByte, CB,
                  Fixups);
    return;
  }
 
  // We need a SIB byte, so start by outputting the ModR/M byte first
  assert(IndexReg.getReg() != X86::ESP && IndexReg.getReg() != X86::RSP &&
         "Cannot use ESP as index reg!");
 
  bool ForceDisp32 = false;
  bool ForceDisp8 = false;
  int ImmOffset = 0;
  if (BaseReg == 0) {
    // If there is no base register, we emit the special case SIB byte with
    // MOD=0, BASE=5, to JUST get the index, scale, and displacement.
    BaseRegNo = 5;
    emitByte(modRMByte(0, RegOpcodeField, 4), CB);
    ForceDisp32 = true;
  } else if (Disp.isImm() && Disp.getImm() == 0 && AllowNoDisp &&
             // Base reg can't be EBP/RBP/R13/R21/R29 as that would end up with
             // '5' as the base field, but that is the magic [*] nomenclature
             // that indicates no base when mod=0. For these cases we'll emit a
             // 0 displacement instead.
             BaseRegNo != N86::EBP) {
    // Emit no displacement ModR/M byte
    emitByte(modRMByte(0, RegOpcodeField, 4), CB);
  } else if (Disp.isImm() && AllowDisp8 &&
             isDispOrCDisp8(TSFlags, Disp.getImm(), ImmOffset)) {
    // Displacement fits in a byte or matches an EVEX compressed disp8, use
    // disp8 encoding. This also handles EBP/R13/R21/R29 base with 0
    // displacement unless {disp32} pseudo prefix was used.
    emitByte(modRMByte(1, RegOpcodeField, 4), CB);
    ForceDisp8 = true;
  } else {
    // Otherwise, emit the normal disp32 encoding.
    emitByte(modRMByte(2, RegOpcodeField, 4), CB);
    ForceDisp32 = true;
  }
 
  // Calculate what the SS field value should be...
  static const unsigned SSTable[] = {~0U, 0, 1, ~0U, 2, ~0U, ~0U, ~0U, 3};
  unsigned SS = SSTable[Scale.getImm()];
 
  unsigned IndexRegNo = IndexReg.getReg() ? getX86RegNum(IndexReg) : 4;
 
  emitSIBByte(SS, IndexRegNo, BaseRegNo, CB);
 
  // Do we need to output a displacement?
  if (ForceDisp8)
    emitImmediate(Disp, MI.getLoc(), 1, FK_Data_1, StartByte, CB, Fixups,
                  ImmOffset);
  else if (ForceDisp32)
    emitImmediate(Disp, MI.getLoc(), 4, MCFixupKind(X86::reloc_signed_4byte),
                  StartByte, CB, Fixups);
}
 
/// Emit all instruction prefixes.
///
/// \returns one of the REX, XOP, VEX2, VEX3, EVEX if any of them is used,
/// otherwise returns None.
PrefixKind X86MCCodeEmitter::emitPrefixImpl(unsigned &CurOp, const MCInst &MI,
                                            const MCSubtargetInfo &STI,
                                            SmallVectorImpl<char> &CB) const {
  uint64_t TSFlags = MCII.get(MI.getOpcode()).TSFlags;
  // Determine where the memory operand starts, if present.
  int MemoryOperand = X86II::getMemoryOperandNo(TSFlags);
  // Emit segment override opcode prefix as needed.
  if (MemoryOperand != -1) {
    MemoryOperand += CurOp;
    emitSegmentOverridePrefix(MemoryOperand + X86::AddrSegmentReg, MI, CB);
  }
 
  // Emit the repeat opcode prefix as needed.
  unsigned Flags = MI.getFlags();
  if (TSFlags & X86II::REP || Flags & X86::IP_HAS_REPEAT)
    emitByte(0xF3, CB);
  if (Flags & X86::IP_HAS_REPEAT_NE)
    emitByte(0xF2, CB);
 
  // Emit the address size opcode prefix as needed.
  if (X86_MC::needsAddressSizeOverride(MI, STI, MemoryOperand, TSFlags) ||
      Flags & X86::IP_HAS_AD_SIZE)
    emitByte(0x67, CB);
 
  uint64_t Form = TSFlags & X86II::FormMask;
  switch (Form) {
  default:
    break;
  case X86II::RawFrmDstSrc: {
    // Emit segment override opcode prefix as needed (not for %ds).
    if (MI.getOperand(2).getReg() != X86::DS)
      emitSegmentOverridePrefix(2, MI, CB);
    CurOp += 3; // Consume operands.
    break;
  }
  case X86II::RawFrmSrc: {
    // Emit segment override opcode prefix as needed (not for %ds).
    if (MI.getOperand(1).getReg() != X86::DS)
      emitSegmentOverridePrefix(1, MI, CB);
    CurOp += 2; // Consume operands.
    break;
  }
  case X86II::RawFrmDst: {
    ++CurOp; // Consume operand.
    break;
  }
  case X86II::RawFrmMemOffs: {
    // Emit segment override opcode prefix as needed.
    emitSegmentOverridePrefix(1, MI, CB);
    break;
  }
  }
 
  // REX prefix is optional, but if used must be immediately before the opcode
  // Encoding type for this instruction.
  return (TSFlags & X86II::EncodingMask)
             ? emitVEXOpcodePrefix(MemoryOperand, MI, STI, CB)
             : emitOpcodePrefix(MemoryOperand, MI, STI, CB);
}
 
// AVX instructions are encoded using an encoding scheme that combines
// prefix bytes, opcode extension field, operand encoding fields, and vector
// length encoding capability into a new prefix, referred to as VEX.
 
// The majority of the AVX-512 family of instructions (operating on
// 512/256/128-bit vector register operands) are encoded using a new prefix
// (called EVEX).
 
// XOP is a revised subset of what was originally intended as SSE5. It was
// changed to be similar but not overlapping with AVX.
 
/// Emit XOP, VEX2, VEX3 or EVEX prefix.
/// \returns the used prefix.
PrefixKind
X86MCCodeEmitter::emitVEXOpcodePrefix(int MemOperand, const MCInst &MI,
                                      const MCSubtargetInfo &STI,
                                      SmallVectorImpl<char> &CB) const {
  const MCInstrDesc &Desc = MCII.get(MI.getOpcode());
  uint64_t TSFlags = Desc.TSFlags;
 
  assert(!(TSFlags & X86II::LOCK) && "Can't have LOCK VEX.");
 
#ifndef NDEBUG
  unsigned NumOps = MI.getNumOperands();
  for (unsigned I = NumOps ? X86II::getOperandBias(Desc) : 0; I != NumOps;
       ++I) {
    const MCOperand &MO = MI.getOperand(I);
    if (!MO.isReg())
      continue;
    unsigned Reg = MO.getReg();
    if (Reg == X86::AH || Reg == X86::BH || Reg == X86::CH || Reg == X86::DH)
      report_fatal_error(
          "Cannot encode high byte register in VEX/EVEX-prefixed instruction");
  }
#endif
 
  X86OpcodePrefixHelper Prefix(*Ctx.getRegisterInfo());
  switch (TSFlags & X86II::EncodingMask) {
  default:
    break;
  case X86II::XOP:
    Prefix.setLowerBound(XOP);
    break;
  case X86II::VEX:
    // VEX can be 2 byte or 3 byte, not determined yet if not explicit
    Prefix.setLowerBound((MI.getFlags() & X86::IP_USE_VEX3) ? VEX3 : VEX2);
    break;
  case X86II::EVEX:
    Prefix.setLowerBound(EVEX);
    break;
  }
 
  Prefix.setW(TSFlags & X86II::REX_W);
  Prefix.setNF(TSFlags & X86II::EVEX_NF);
 
  bool HasEVEX_K = TSFlags & X86II::EVEX_K;
  bool HasVEX_4V = TSFlags & X86II::VEX_4V;
  bool IsND = X86II::hasNewDataDest(TSFlags); // IsND implies HasVEX_4V
  bool HasEVEX_RC = TSFlags & X86II::EVEX_RC;
 
  switch (TSFlags & X86II::OpMapMask) {
  default:
    llvm_unreachable("Invalid prefix!");
  case X86II::TB:
    Prefix.set5M(0x1); // 0F
    break;
  case X86II::T8:
    Prefix.set5M(0x2); // 0F 38
    break;
  case X86II::TA:
    Prefix.set5M(0x3); // 0F 3A
    break;
  case X86II::XOP8:
    Prefix.set5M(0x8);
    break;
  case X86II::XOP9:
    Prefix.set5M(0x9);
    break;
  case X86II::XOPA:
    Prefix.set5M(0xA);
    break;
  case X86II::T_MAP4:
    Prefix.set5M(0x4);
    break;
  case X86II::T_MAP5:
    Prefix.set5M(0x5);
    break;
  case X86II::T_MAP6:
    Prefix.set5M(0x6);
    break;
  case X86II::T_MAP7:
    Prefix.set5M(0x7);
    break;
  }
 
  Prefix.setL(TSFlags & X86II::VEX_L);
  Prefix.setL2(TSFlags & X86II::EVEX_L2);
  if ((TSFlags & X86II::EVEX_L2) && STI.hasFeature(X86::FeatureAVX512) &&
      !STI.hasFeature(X86::FeatureEVEX512))
    report_fatal_error("ZMM registers are not supported without EVEX512");
  switch (TSFlags & X86II::OpPrefixMask) {
  case X86II::PD:
    Prefix.setPP(0x1); // 66
    break;
  case X86II::XS:
    Prefix.setPP(0x2); // F3
    break;
  case X86II::XD:
    Prefix.setPP(0x3); // F2
    break;
  }
 
  Prefix.setZ(HasEVEX_K && (TSFlags & X86II::EVEX_Z));
  Prefix.setEVEX_b(TSFlags & X86II::EVEX_B);
  Prefix.setEVEX_U(TSFlags & X86II::EVEX_U);
 
  bool EncodeRC = false;
  uint8_t EVEX_rc = 0;
 
  unsigned CurOp = X86II::getOperandBias(Desc);
  bool HasTwoConditionalOps = TSFlags & X86II::TwoConditionalOps;
 
  switch (TSFlags & X86II::FormMask) {
  default:
    llvm_unreachable("Unexpected form in emitVEXOpcodePrefix!");
  case X86II::MRMDestMem4VOp3CC: {
    //  src1(ModR/M), MemAddr, src2(VEX_4V)
    Prefix.setRR2(MI, CurOp++);
    Prefix.setBB2(MI, MemOperand + X86::AddrBaseReg);
    Prefix.setXX2(MI, MemOperand + X86::AddrIndexReg);
    CurOp += X86::AddrNumOperands;
    Prefix.set4VV2(MI, CurOp++);
    break;
  }
  case X86II::MRM_C0:
  case X86II::RawFrm:
    break;
  case X86II::MRMDestMemCC:
  case X86II::MRMDestMemFSIB:
  case X86II::MRMDestMem: {
    // MRMDestMem instructions forms:
    //  MemAddr, src1(ModR/M)
    //  MemAddr, src1(VEX_4V), src2(ModR/M)
    //  MemAddr, src1(ModR/M), imm8
    //
    // NDD:
    //  dst(VEX_4V), MemAddr, src1(ModR/M)
    Prefix.setBB2(MI, MemOperand + X86::AddrBaseReg);
    Prefix.setXX2(MI, MemOperand + X86::AddrIndexReg);
    Prefix.setV2(MI, MemOperand + X86::AddrIndexReg, HasVEX_4V);
 
    if (IsND)
      Prefix.set4VV2(MI, CurOp++);
 
    CurOp += X86::AddrNumOperands;
 
    if (HasEVEX_K)
      Prefix.setAAA(MI, CurOp++);
 
    if (!IsND && HasVEX_4V)
      Prefix.set4VV2(MI, CurOp++);
 
    Prefix.setRR2(MI, CurOp++);
    if (HasTwoConditionalOps) {
      Prefix.set4V(MI, CurOp++, /*IsImm=*/true);
      Prefix.setSC(MI, CurOp++);
    }
    break;
  }
  case X86II::MRMSrcMemCC:
  case X86II::MRMSrcMemFSIB:
  case X86II::MRMSrcMem: {
    // MRMSrcMem instructions forms:
    //  src1(ModR/M), MemAddr
    //  src1(ModR/M), src2(VEX_4V), MemAddr
    //  src1(ModR/M), MemAddr, imm8
    //  src1(ModR/M), MemAddr, src2(Imm[7:4])
    //
    //  FMA4:
    //  dst(ModR/M.reg), src1(VEX_4V), src2(ModR/M), src3(Imm[7:4])
    //
    //  NDD:
    //  dst(VEX_4V), src1(ModR/M), MemAddr
    if (IsND)
      Prefix.set4VV2(MI, CurOp++);
 
    Prefix.setRR2(MI, CurOp++);
 
    if (HasEVEX_K)
      Prefix.setAAA(MI, CurOp++);
 
    if (!IsND && HasVEX_4V)
      Prefix.set4VV2(MI, CurOp++);
 
    Prefix.setBB2(MI, MemOperand + X86::AddrBaseReg);
    Prefix.setXX2(MI, MemOperand + X86::AddrIndexReg);
    Prefix.setV2(MI, MemOperand + X86::AddrIndexReg, HasVEX_4V);
    CurOp += X86::AddrNumOperands;
    if (HasTwoConditionalOps) {
      Prefix.set4V(MI, CurOp++, /*IsImm=*/true);
      Prefix.setSC(MI, CurOp++);
    }
    break;
  }
  case X86II::MRMSrcMem4VOp3: {
    // Instruction format for 4VOp3:
    //   src1(ModR/M), MemAddr, src3(VEX_4V)
    Prefix.setRR2(MI, CurOp++);
    Prefix.setBB2(MI, MemOperand + X86::AddrBaseReg);
    Prefix.setXX2(MI, MemOperand + X86::AddrIndexReg);
    Prefix.set4VV2(MI, CurOp + X86::AddrNumOperands);
    break;
  }
  case X86II::MRMSrcMemOp4: {
    //  dst(ModR/M.reg), src1(VEX_4V), src2(Imm[7:4]), src3(ModR/M),
    Prefix.setR(MI, CurOp++);
    Prefix.set4V(MI, CurOp++);
    Prefix.setBB2(MI, MemOperand + X86::AddrBaseReg);
    Prefix.setXX2(MI, MemOperand + X86::AddrIndexReg);
    break;
  }
  case X86II::MRMXmCC:
  case X86II::MRM0m:
  case X86II::MRM1m:
  case X86II::MRM2m:
  case X86II::MRM3m:
  case X86II::MRM4m:
  case X86II::MRM5m:
  case X86II::MRM6m:
  case X86II::MRM7m: {
    // MRM[0-9]m instructions forms:
    //  MemAddr
    //  src1(VEX_4V), MemAddr
    if (HasVEX_4V)
      Prefix.set4VV2(MI, CurOp++);
 
    if (HasEVEX_K)
      Prefix.setAAA(MI, CurOp++);
 
    Prefix.setBB2(MI, MemOperand + X86::AddrBaseReg);
    Prefix.setXX2(MI, MemOperand + X86::AddrIndexReg);
    Prefix.setV2(MI, MemOperand + X86::AddrIndexReg, HasVEX_4V);
    CurOp += X86::AddrNumOperands + 1; // Skip first imm.
    if (HasTwoConditionalOps) {
      Prefix.set4V(MI, CurOp++, /*IsImm=*/true);
      Prefix.setSC(MI, CurOp++);
    }
    break;
  }
  case X86II::MRMSrcRegCC:
  case X86II::MRMSrcReg: {
    // MRMSrcReg instructions forms:
    //  dst(ModR/M), src1(VEX_4V), src2(ModR/M), src3(Imm[7:4])
    //  dst(ModR/M), src1(ModR/M)
    //  dst(ModR/M), src1(ModR/M), imm8
    //
    //  FMA4:
    //  dst(ModR/M.reg), src1(VEX_4V), src2(Imm[7:4]), src3(ModR/M),
    //
    //  NDD:
    //  dst(VEX_4V), src1(ModR/M.reg), src2(ModR/M)
    if (IsND)
      Prefix.set4VV2(MI, CurOp++);
    Prefix.setRR2(MI, CurOp++);
 
    if (HasEVEX_K)
      Prefix.setAAA(MI, CurOp++);
 
    if (!IsND && HasVEX_4V)
      Prefix.set4VV2(MI, CurOp++);
 
    Prefix.setBB2(MI, CurOp);
    Prefix.setX(MI, CurOp, 4);
    ++CurOp;
 
    if (HasTwoConditionalOps) {
      Prefix.set4V(MI, CurOp++, /*IsImm=*/true);
      Prefix.setSC(MI, CurOp++);
    }
 
    if (TSFlags & X86II::EVEX_B) {
      if (HasEVEX_RC) {
        unsigned NumOps = Desc.getNumOperands();
        unsigned RcOperand = NumOps - 1;
        assert(RcOperand >= CurOp);
        EVEX_rc = MI.getOperand(RcOperand).getImm();
        assert(EVEX_rc <= 3 && "Invalid rounding control!");
      }
      EncodeRC = true;
    }
    break;
  }
  case X86II::MRMSrcReg4VOp3: {
    // Instruction format for 4VOp3:
    //   src1(ModR/M), src2(ModR/M), src3(VEX_4V)
    Prefix.setRR2(MI, CurOp++);
    Prefix.setBB2(MI, CurOp++);
    Prefix.set4VV2(MI, CurOp++);
    break;
  }
  case X86II::MRMSrcRegOp4: {
    //  dst(ModR/M.reg), src1(VEX_4V), src2(Imm[7:4]), src3(ModR/M),
    Prefix.setR(MI, CurOp++);
    Prefix.set4V(MI, CurOp++);
    // Skip second register source (encoded in Imm[7:4])
    ++CurOp;
 
    Prefix.setB(MI, CurOp);
    Prefix.setX(MI, CurOp, 4);
    ++CurOp;
    break;
  }
  case X86II::MRMDestRegCC:
  case X86II::MRMDestReg: {
    // MRMDestReg instructions forms:
    //  dst(ModR/M), src(ModR/M)
    //  dst(ModR/M), src(ModR/M), imm8
    //  dst(ModR/M), src1(VEX_4V), src2(ModR/M)
    //
    // NDD:
    // dst(VEX_4V), src1(ModR/M), src2(ModR/M)
    if (IsND)
      Prefix.set4VV2(MI, CurOp++);
    Prefix.setBB2(MI, CurOp);
    Prefix.setX(MI, CurOp, 4);
    ++CurOp;
 
    if (HasEVEX_K)
      Prefix.setAAA(MI, CurOp++);
 
    if (!IsND && HasVEX_4V)
      Prefix.set4VV2(MI, CurOp++);
 
    Prefix.setRR2(MI, CurOp++);
    if (HasTwoConditionalOps) {
      Prefix.set4V(MI, CurOp++, /*IsImm=*/true);
      Prefix.setSC(MI, CurOp++);
    }
    if (TSFlags & X86II::EVEX_B)
      EncodeRC = true;
    break;
  }
  case X86II::MRMr0: {
    // MRMr0 instructions forms:
    //  11:rrr:000
    //  dst(ModR/M)
    Prefix.setRR2(MI, CurOp++);
    break;
  }
  case X86II::MRMXrCC:
  case X86II::MRM0r:
  case X86II::MRM1r:
  case X86II::MRM2r:
  case X86II::MRM3r:
  case X86II::MRM4r:
  case X86II::MRM5r:
  case X86II::MRM6r:
  case X86II::MRM7r: {
    // MRM0r-MRM7r instructions forms:
    //  dst(VEX_4V), src(ModR/M), imm8
    if (HasVEX_4V)
      Prefix.set4VV2(MI, CurOp++);
 
    if (HasEVEX_K)
      Prefix.setAAA(MI, CurOp++);
 
    Prefix.setBB2(MI, CurOp);
    Prefix.setX(MI, CurOp, 4);
    ++CurOp;
    if (HasTwoConditionalOps) {
      Prefix.set4V(MI, ++CurOp, /*IsImm=*/true);
      Prefix.setSC(MI, ++CurOp);
    }
    break;
  }
  }
  if (EncodeRC) {
    Prefix.setL(EVEX_rc & 0x1);
    Prefix.setL2(EVEX_rc & 0x2);
  }
  PrefixKind Kind = Prefix.determineOptimalKind();
  Prefix.emit(CB);
  return Kind;
}
 
/// Emit REX prefix which specifies
///   1) 64-bit instructions,
///   2) non-default operand size, and
///   3) use of X86-64 extended registers.
///
/// \returns the used prefix (REX or None).
PrefixKind X86MCCodeEmitter::emitREXPrefix(int MemOperand, const MCInst &MI,
                                           const MCSubtargetInfo &STI,
                                           SmallVectorImpl<char> &CB) const {
  if (!STI.hasFeature(X86::Is64Bit))
    return None;
  X86OpcodePrefixHelper Prefix(*Ctx.getRegisterInfo());
  const MCInstrDesc &Desc = MCII.get(MI.getOpcode());
  uint64_t TSFlags = Desc.TSFlags;
  Prefix.setW(TSFlags & X86II::REX_W);
  unsigned NumOps = MI.getNumOperands();
  bool UsesHighByteReg = false;
#ifndef NDEBUG
  bool HasRegOp = false;
#endif
  unsigned CurOp = NumOps ? X86II::getOperandBias(Desc) : 0;
  for (unsigned i = CurOp; i != NumOps; ++i) {
    const MCOperand &MO = MI.getOperand(i);
    if (MO.isReg()) {
#ifndef NDEBUG
      HasRegOp = true;
#endif
      unsigned Reg = MO.getReg();
      if (Reg == X86::AH || Reg == X86::BH || Reg == X86::CH || Reg == X86::DH)
        UsesHighByteReg = true;
      // If it accesses SPL, BPL, SIL, or DIL, then it requires a REX prefix.
      if (X86II::isX86_64NonExtLowByteReg(Reg))
        Prefix.setLowerBound(REX);
    } else if (MO.isExpr() && STI.getTargetTriple().isX32()) {
      // GOTTPOFF and TLSDESC relocations require a REX prefix to allow
      // linker optimizations: even if the instructions we see may not require
      // any prefix, they may be replaced by instructions that do. This is
      // handled as a special case here so that it also works for hand-written
      // assembly without the user needing to write REX, as with GNU as.
      const auto *Ref = dyn_cast<MCSymbolRefExpr>(MO.getExpr());
      if (Ref && (Ref->getKind() == MCSymbolRefExpr::VK_GOTTPOFF ||
                  Ref->getKind() == MCSymbolRefExpr::VK_TLSDESC)) {
        Prefix.setLowerBound(REX);
      }
    }
  }
  if (MI.getFlags() & X86::IP_USE_REX)
    Prefix.setLowerBound(REX);
  if ((TSFlags & X86II::ExplicitOpPrefixMask) == X86II::ExplicitREX2Prefix ||
      MI.getFlags() & X86::IP_USE_REX2)
    Prefix.setLowerBound(REX2);
  switch (TSFlags & X86II::FormMask) {
  default:
    assert(!HasRegOp && "Unexpected form in emitREXPrefix!");
    break;
  case X86II::RawFrm:
  case X86II::RawFrmMemOffs:
  case X86II::RawFrmSrc:
  case X86II::RawFrmDst:
  case X86II::RawFrmDstSrc:
    break;
  case X86II::AddRegFrm:
    Prefix.setBB2(MI, CurOp++);
    break;
  case X86II::MRMSrcReg:
  case X86II::MRMSrcRegCC:
    Prefix.setRR2(MI, CurOp++);
    Prefix.setBB2(MI, CurOp++);
    break;
  case X86II::MRMSrcMem:
  case X86II::MRMSrcMemCC:
    Prefix.setRR2(MI, CurOp++);
    Prefix.setBB2(MI, MemOperand + X86::AddrBaseReg);
    Prefix.setXX2(MI, MemOperand + X86::AddrIndexReg);
    CurOp += X86::AddrNumOperands;
    break;
  case X86II::MRMDestReg:
    Prefix.setBB2(MI, CurOp++);
    Prefix.setRR2(MI, CurOp++);
    break;
  case X86II::MRMDestMem:
    Prefix.setBB2(MI, MemOperand + X86::AddrBaseReg);
    Prefix.setXX2(MI, MemOperand + X86::AddrIndexReg);
    CurOp += X86::AddrNumOperands;
    Prefix.setRR2(MI, CurOp++);
    break;
  case X86II::MRMXmCC:
  case X86II::MRMXm:
  case X86II::MRM0m:
  case X86II::MRM1m:
  case X86II::MRM2m:
  case X86II::MRM3m:
  case X86II::MRM4m:
  case X86II::MRM5m:
  case X86II::MRM6m:
  case X86II::MRM7m:
    Prefix.setBB2(MI, MemOperand + X86::AddrBaseReg);
    Prefix.setXX2(MI, MemOperand + X86::AddrIndexReg);
    break;
  case X86II::MRMXrCC:
  case X86II::MRMXr:
  case X86II::MRM0r:
  case X86II::MRM1r:
  case X86II::MRM2r:
  case X86II::MRM3r:
  case X86II::MRM4r:
  case X86II::MRM5r:
  case X86II::MRM6r:
  case X86II::MRM7r:
    Prefix.setBB2(MI, CurOp++);
    break;
  }
  Prefix.setM((TSFlags & X86II::OpMapMask) == X86II::TB);
  PrefixKind Kind = Prefix.determineOptimalKind();
  if (Kind && UsesHighByteReg)
    report_fatal_error(
        "Cannot encode high byte register in REX-prefixed instruction");
  Prefix.emit(CB);
  return Kind;
}
 
/// Emit segment override opcode prefix as needed.
void X86MCCodeEmitter::emitSegmentOverridePrefix(
    unsigned SegOperand, const MCInst &MI, SmallVectorImpl<char> &CB) const {
  // Check for explicit segment override on memory operand.
  if (unsigned Reg = MI.getOperand(SegOperand).getReg())
    emitByte(X86::getSegmentOverridePrefixForReg(Reg), CB);
}
 
/// Emit all instruction prefixes prior to the opcode.
///
/// \param MemOperand the operand # of the start of a memory operand if present.
/// If not present, it is -1.
///
/// \returns the used prefix (REX or None).
PrefixKind X86MCCodeEmitter::emitOpcodePrefix(int MemOperand, const MCInst &MI,
                                              const MCSubtargetInfo &STI,
                                              SmallVectorImpl<char> &CB) const {
  const MCInstrDesc &Desc = MCII.get(MI.getOpcode());
  uint64_t TSFlags = Desc.TSFlags;
 
  // Emit the operand size opcode prefix as needed.
  if ((TSFlags & X86II::OpSizeMask) ==
      (STI.hasFeature(X86::Is16Bit) ? X86II::OpSize32 : X86II::OpSize16))
    emitByte(0x66, CB);
 
  // Emit the LOCK opcode prefix.
  if (TSFlags & X86II::LOCK || MI.getFlags() & X86::IP_HAS_LOCK)
    emitByte(0xF0, CB);
 
  // Emit the NOTRACK opcode prefix.
  if (TSFlags & X86II::NOTRACK || MI.getFlags() & X86::IP_HAS_NOTRACK)
    emitByte(0x3E, CB);
 
  switch (TSFlags & X86II::OpPrefixMask) {
  case X86II::PD: // 66
    emitByte(0x66, CB);
    break;
  case X86II::XS: // F3
    emitByte(0xF3, CB);
    break;
  case X86II::XD: // F2
    emitByte(0xF2, CB);
    break;
  }
 
  // Handle REX prefix.
  assert((STI.hasFeature(X86::Is64Bit) || !(TSFlags & X86II::REX_W)) &&
         "REX.W requires 64bit mode.");
  PrefixKind Kind = emitREXPrefix(MemOperand, MI, STI, CB);
 
  // 0x0F escape code must be emitted just before the opcode.
  switch (TSFlags & X86II::OpMapMask) {
  case X86II::TB:        // Two-byte opcode map
    // Encoded by M bit in REX2
    if (Kind == REX2)
      break;
    [[fallthrough]];
  case X86II::T8:        // 0F 38
  case X86II::TA:        // 0F 3A
  case X86II::ThreeDNow: // 0F 0F, second 0F emitted by caller.
    emitByte(0x0F, CB);
    break;
  }
 
  switch (TSFlags & X86II::OpMapMask) {
  case X86II::T8: // 0F 38
    emitByte(0x38, CB);
    break;
  case X86II::TA: // 0F 3A
    emitByte(0x3A, CB);
    break;
  }
 
  return Kind;
}
 
void X86MCCodeEmitter::emitPrefix(const MCInst &MI, SmallVectorImpl<char> &CB,
                                  const MCSubtargetInfo &STI) const {
  unsigned Opcode = MI.getOpcode();
  const MCInstrDesc &Desc = MCII.get(Opcode);
  uint64_t TSFlags = Desc.TSFlags;
 
  // Pseudo instructions don't get encoded.
  if (X86II::isPseudo(TSFlags))
    return;
 
  unsigned CurOp = X86II::getOperandBias(Desc);
 
  emitPrefixImpl(CurOp, MI, STI, CB);
}
 
void X86_MC::emitPrefix(MCCodeEmitter &MCE, const MCInst &MI,
                        SmallVectorImpl<char> &CB, const MCSubtargetInfo &STI) {
  static_cast<X86MCCodeEmitter &>(MCE).emitPrefix(MI, CB, STI);
}
 
void X86MCCodeEmitter::encodeInstruction(const MCInst &MI,
                                         SmallVectorImpl<char> &CB,
                                         SmallVectorImpl<MCFixup> &Fixups,
                                         const MCSubtargetInfo &STI) const {
  unsigned Opcode = MI.getOpcode();
  const MCInstrDesc &Desc = MCII.get(Opcode);
  uint64_t TSFlags = Desc.TSFlags;
 
  // Pseudo instructions don't get encoded.
  if (X86II::isPseudo(TSFlags))
    return;
 
  unsigned NumOps = Desc.getNumOperands();
  unsigned CurOp = X86II::getOperandBias(Desc);
 
  uint64_t StartByte = CB.size();
 
  PrefixKind Kind = emitPrefixImpl(CurOp, MI, STI, CB);
 
  // It uses the VEX.VVVV field?
  bool HasVEX_4V = TSFlags & X86II::VEX_4V;
  bool HasVEX_I8Reg = (TSFlags & X86II::ImmMask) == X86II::Imm8Reg;
 
  // It uses the EVEX.aaa field?
  bool HasEVEX_K = TSFlags & X86II::EVEX_K;
  bool HasEVEX_RC = TSFlags & X86II::EVEX_RC;
 
  // Used if a register is encoded in 7:4 of immediate.
  unsigned I8RegNum = 0;
 
  uint8_t BaseOpcode = X86II::getBaseOpcodeFor(TSFlags);
 
  if ((TSFlags & X86II::OpMapMask) == X86II::ThreeDNow)
    BaseOpcode = 0x0F; // Weird 3DNow! encoding.
 
  unsigned OpcodeOffset = 0;
 
  bool IsND = X86II::hasNewDataDest(TSFlags);
  bool HasTwoConditionalOps = TSFlags & X86II::TwoConditionalOps;
 
  uint64_t Form = TSFlags & X86II::FormMask;
  switch (Form) {
  default:
    errs() << "FORM: " << Form << "\n";
    llvm_unreachable("Unknown FormMask value in X86MCCodeEmitter!");
  case X86II::Pseudo:
    llvm_unreachable("Pseudo instruction shouldn't be emitted");
  case X86II::RawFrmDstSrc:
  case X86II::RawFrmSrc:
  case X86II::RawFrmDst:
  case X86II::PrefixByte:
    emitByte(BaseOpcode, CB);
    break;
  case X86II::AddCCFrm: {
    // This will be added to the opcode in the fallthrough.
    OpcodeOffset = MI.getOperand(NumOps - 1).getImm();
    assert(OpcodeOffset < 16 && "Unexpected opcode offset!");
    --NumOps; // Drop the operand from the end.
    [[fallthrough]];
  case X86II::RawFrm:
    emitByte(BaseOpcode + OpcodeOffset, CB);
 
    if (!STI.hasFeature(X86::Is64Bit) || !isPCRel32Branch(MI, MCII))
      break;
 
    const MCOperand &Op = MI.getOperand(CurOp++);
    emitImmediate(Op, MI.getLoc(), X86II::getSizeOfImm(TSFlags),
                  MCFixupKind(X86::reloc_branch_4byte_pcrel), StartByte, CB,
                  Fixups);
    break;
  }
  case X86II::RawFrmMemOffs:
    emitByte(BaseOpcode, CB);
    emitImmediate(MI.getOperand(CurOp++), MI.getLoc(),
                  X86II::getSizeOfImm(TSFlags), getImmFixupKind(TSFlags),
                  StartByte, CB, Fixups);
    ++CurOp; // skip segment operand
    break;
  case X86II::RawFrmImm8:
    emitByte(BaseOpcode, CB);
    emitImmediate(MI.getOperand(CurOp++), MI.getLoc(),
                  X86II::getSizeOfImm(TSFlags), getImmFixupKind(TSFlags),
                  StartByte, CB, Fixups);
    emitImmediate(MI.getOperand(CurOp++), MI.getLoc(), 1, FK_Data_1, StartByte,
                  CB, Fixups);
    break;
  case X86II::RawFrmImm16:
    emitByte(BaseOpcode, CB);
    emitImmediate(MI.getOperand(CurOp++), MI.getLoc(),
                  X86II::getSizeOfImm(TSFlags), getImmFixupKind(TSFlags),
                  StartByte, CB, Fixups);
    emitImmediate(MI.getOperand(CurOp++), MI.getLoc(), 2, FK_Data_2, StartByte,
                  CB, Fixups);
    break;
 
  case X86II::AddRegFrm:
    emitByte(BaseOpcode + getX86RegNum(MI.getOperand(CurOp++)), CB);
    break;
 
  case X86II::MRMDestReg: {
    emitByte(BaseOpcode, CB);
    unsigned SrcRegNum = CurOp + 1;
 
    if (HasEVEX_K) // Skip writemask
      ++SrcRegNum;
 
    if (HasVEX_4V) // Skip 1st src (which is encoded in VEX_VVVV)
      ++SrcRegNum;
    if (IsND) // Skip the NDD operand encoded in EVEX_VVVV
      ++CurOp;
 
    emitRegModRMByte(MI.getOperand(CurOp),
                     getX86RegNum(MI.getOperand(SrcRegNum)), CB);
    CurOp = SrcRegNum + 1;
    break;
  }
  case X86II::MRMDestRegCC: {
    unsigned FirstOp = CurOp++;
    unsigned SecondOp = CurOp++;
    unsigned CC = MI.getOperand(CurOp++).getImm();
    emitByte(BaseOpcode + CC, CB);
    emitRegModRMByte(MI.getOperand(FirstOp),
                     getX86RegNum(MI.getOperand(SecondOp)), CB);
    break;
  }
  case X86II::MRMDestMem4VOp3CC: {
    unsigned CC = MI.getOperand(8).getImm();
    emitByte(BaseOpcode + CC, CB);
    unsigned SrcRegNum = CurOp + X86::AddrNumOperands;
    emitMemModRMByte(MI, CurOp + 1, getX86RegNum(MI.getOperand(0)), TSFlags,
                     Kind, StartByte, CB, Fixups, STI, false);
    CurOp = SrcRegNum + 3; // skip reg, VEX_V4 and CC
    break;
  }
  case X86II::MRMDestMemFSIB:
  case X86II::MRMDestMem: {
    emitByte(BaseOpcode, CB);
    unsigned SrcRegNum = CurOp + X86::AddrNumOperands;
 
    if (HasEVEX_K) // Skip writemask
      ++SrcRegNum;
 
    if (HasVEX_4V) // Skip 1st src (which is encoded in VEX_VVVV)
      ++SrcRegNum;
 
    if (IsND) // Skip new data destination
      ++CurOp;
 
    bool ForceSIB = (Form == X86II::MRMDestMemFSIB);
    emitMemModRMByte(MI, CurOp, getX86RegNum(MI.getOperand(SrcRegNum)), TSFlags,
                     Kind, StartByte, CB, Fixups, STI, ForceSIB);
    CurOp = SrcRegNum + 1;
    break;
  }
  case X86II::MRMDestMemCC: {
    unsigned MemOp = CurOp;
    CurOp = MemOp + X86::AddrNumOperands;
    unsigned RegOp = CurOp++;
    unsigned CC = MI.getOperand(CurOp++).getImm();
    emitByte(BaseOpcode + CC, CB);
    emitMemModRMByte(MI, MemOp, getX86RegNum(MI.getOperand(RegOp)), TSFlags,
                     Kind, StartByte, CB, Fixups, STI);
    break;
  }
  case X86II::MRMSrcReg: {
    emitByte(BaseOpcode, CB);
    unsigned SrcRegNum = CurOp + 1;
 
    if (HasEVEX_K) // Skip writemask
      ++SrcRegNum;
 
    if (HasVEX_4V) // Skip 1st src (which is encoded in VEX_VVVV)
      ++SrcRegNum;
 
    if (IsND) // Skip new data destination
      ++CurOp;
 
    emitRegModRMByte(MI.getOperand(SrcRegNum),
                     getX86RegNum(MI.getOperand(CurOp)), CB);
    CurOp = SrcRegNum + 1;
    if (HasVEX_I8Reg)
      I8RegNum = getX86RegEncoding(MI, CurOp++);
    // do not count the rounding control operand
    if (HasEVEX_RC)
      --NumOps;
    break;
  }
  case X86II::MRMSrcReg4VOp3: {
    emitByte(BaseOpcode, CB);
    unsigned SrcRegNum = CurOp + 1;
 
    emitRegModRMByte(MI.getOperand(SrcRegNum),
                     getX86RegNum(MI.getOperand(CurOp)), CB);
    CurOp = SrcRegNum + 1;
    ++CurOp; // Encoded in VEX.VVVV
    break;
  }
  case X86II::MRMSrcRegOp4: {
    emitByte(BaseOpcode, CB);
    unsigned SrcRegNum = CurOp + 1;
 
    // Skip 1st src (which is encoded in VEX_VVVV)
    ++SrcRegNum;
 
    // Capture 2nd src (which is encoded in Imm[7:4])
    assert(HasVEX_I8Reg && "MRMSrcRegOp4 should imply VEX_I8Reg");
    I8RegNum = getX86RegEncoding(MI, SrcRegNum++);
 
    emitRegModRMByte(MI.getOperand(SrcRegNum),
                     getX86RegNum(MI.getOperand(CurOp)), CB);
    CurOp = SrcRegNum + 1;
    break;
  }
  case X86II::MRMSrcRegCC: {
    if (IsND) // Skip new data destination
      ++CurOp;
    unsigned FirstOp = CurOp++;
    unsigned SecondOp = CurOp++;
 
    unsigned CC = MI.getOperand(CurOp++).getImm();
    emitByte(BaseOpcode + CC, CB);
 
    emitRegModRMByte(MI.getOperand(SecondOp),
                     getX86RegNum(MI.getOperand(FirstOp)), CB);
    break;
  }
  case X86II::MRMSrcMemFSIB:
  case X86II::MRMSrcMem: {
    unsigned FirstMemOp = CurOp + 1;
 
    if (IsND) // Skip new data destination
      CurOp++;
 
    if (HasEVEX_K) // Skip writemask
      ++FirstMemOp;
 
    if (HasVEX_4V)
      ++FirstMemOp; // Skip the register source (which is encoded in VEX_VVVV).
 
    emitByte(BaseOpcode, CB);
 
    bool ForceSIB = (Form == X86II::MRMSrcMemFSIB);
    emitMemModRMByte(MI, FirstMemOp, getX86RegNum(MI.getOperand(CurOp)),
                     TSFlags, Kind, StartByte, CB, Fixups, STI, ForceSIB);
    CurOp = FirstMemOp + X86::AddrNumOperands;
    if (HasVEX_I8Reg)
      I8RegNum = getX86RegEncoding(MI, CurOp++);
    break;
  }
  case X86II::MRMSrcMem4VOp3: {
    unsigned FirstMemOp = CurOp + 1;
 
    emitByte(BaseOpcode, CB);
 
    emitMemModRMByte(MI, FirstMemOp, getX86RegNum(MI.getOperand(CurOp)),
                     TSFlags, Kind, StartByte, CB, Fixups, STI);
    CurOp = FirstMemOp + X86::AddrNumOperands;
    ++CurOp; // Encoded in VEX.VVVV.
    break;
  }
  case X86II::MRMSrcMemOp4: {
    unsigned FirstMemOp = CurOp + 1;
 
    ++FirstMemOp; // Skip the register source (which is encoded in VEX_VVVV).
 
    // Capture second register source (encoded in Imm[7:4])
    assert(HasVEX_I8Reg && "MRMSrcRegOp4 should imply VEX_I8Reg");
    I8RegNum = getX86RegEncoding(MI, FirstMemOp++);
 
    emitByte(BaseOpcode, CB);
 
    emitMemModRMByte(MI, FirstMemOp, getX86RegNum(MI.getOperand(CurOp)),
                     TSFlags, Kind, StartByte, CB, Fixups, STI);
    CurOp = FirstMemOp + X86::AddrNumOperands;
    break;
  }
  case X86II::MRMSrcMemCC: {
    if (IsND) // Skip new data destination
      ++CurOp;
    unsigned RegOp = CurOp++;
    unsigned FirstMemOp = CurOp;
    CurOp = FirstMemOp + X86::AddrNumOperands;
 
    unsigned CC = MI.getOperand(CurOp++).getImm();
    emitByte(BaseOpcode + CC, CB);
 
    emitMemModRMByte(MI, FirstMemOp, getX86RegNum(MI.getOperand(RegOp)),
                     TSFlags, Kind, StartByte, CB, Fixups, STI);
    break;
  }
 
  case X86II::MRMXrCC: {
    unsigned RegOp = CurOp++;
 
    unsigned CC = MI.getOperand(CurOp++).getImm();
    emitByte(BaseOpcode + CC, CB);
    emitRegModRMByte(MI.getOperand(RegOp), 0, CB);
    break;
  }
 
  case X86II::MRMXr:
  case X86II::MRM0r:
  case X86II::MRM1r:
  case X86II::MRM2r:
  case X86II::MRM3r:
  case X86II::MRM4r:
  case X86II::MRM5r:
  case X86II::MRM6r:
  case X86II::MRM7r:
    if (HasVEX_4V) // Skip the register dst (which is encoded in VEX_VVVV).
      ++CurOp;
    if (HasEVEX_K) // Skip writemask
      ++CurOp;
    emitByte(BaseOpcode, CB);
    emitRegModRMByte(MI.getOperand(CurOp++),
                     (Form == X86II::MRMXr) ? 0 : Form - X86II::MRM0r, CB);
    break;
  case X86II::MRMr0:
    emitByte(BaseOpcode, CB);
    emitByte(modRMByte(3, getX86RegNum(MI.getOperand(CurOp++)), 0), CB);
    break;
 
  case X86II::MRMXmCC: {
    unsigned FirstMemOp = CurOp;
    CurOp = FirstMemOp + X86::AddrNumOperands;
 
    unsigned CC = MI.getOperand(CurOp++).getImm();
    emitByte(BaseOpcode + CC, CB);
 
    emitMemModRMByte(MI, FirstMemOp, 0, TSFlags, Kind, StartByte, CB, Fixups,
                     STI);
    break;
  }
 
  case X86II::MRMXm:
  case X86II::MRM0m:
  case X86II::MRM1m:
  case X86II::MRM2m:
  case X86II::MRM3m:
  case X86II::MRM4m:
  case X86II::MRM5m:
  case X86II::MRM6m:
  case X86II::MRM7m:
    if (HasVEX_4V) // Skip the register dst (which is encoded in VEX_VVVV).
      ++CurOp;
    if (HasEVEX_K) // Skip writemask
      ++CurOp;
    emitByte(BaseOpcode, CB);
    emitMemModRMByte(MI, CurOp,
                     (Form == X86II::MRMXm) ? 0 : Form - X86II::MRM0m, TSFlags,
                     Kind, StartByte, CB, Fixups, STI);
    CurOp += X86::AddrNumOperands;
    break;
 
  case X86II::MRM0X:
  case X86II::MRM1X:
  case X86II::MRM2X:
  case X86II::MRM3X:
  case X86II::MRM4X:
  case X86II::MRM5X:
  case X86II::MRM6X:
  case X86II::MRM7X:
    emitByte(BaseOpcode, CB);
    emitByte(0xC0 + ((Form - X86II::MRM0X) << 3), CB);
    break;
 
  case X86II::MRM_C0:
  case X86II::MRM_C1:
  case X86II::MRM_C2:
  case X86II::MRM_C3:
  case X86II::MRM_C4:
  case X86II::MRM_C5:
  case X86II::MRM_C6:
  case X86II::MRM_C7:
  case X86II::MRM_C8:
  case X86II::MRM_C9:
  case X86II::MRM_CA:
  case X86II::MRM_CB:
  case X86II::MRM_CC:
  case X86II::MRM_CD:
  case X86II::MRM_CE:
  case X86II::MRM_CF:
  case X86II::MRM_D0:
  case X86II::MRM_D1:
  case X86II::MRM_D2:
  case X86II::MRM_D3:
  case X86II::MRM_D4:
  case X86II::MRM_D5:
  case X86II::MRM_D6:
  case X86II::MRM_D7:
  case X86II::MRM_D8:
  case X86II::MRM_D9:
  case X86II::MRM_DA:
  case X86II::MRM_DB:
  case X86II::MRM_DC:
  case X86II::MRM_DD:
  case X86II::MRM_DE:
  case X86II::MRM_DF:
  case X86II::MRM_E0:
  case X86II::MRM_E1:
  case X86II::MRM_E2:
  case X86II::MRM_E3:
  case X86II::MRM_E4:
  case X86II::MRM_E5:
  case X86II::MRM_E6:
  case X86II::MRM_E7:
  case X86II::MRM_E8:
  case X86II::MRM_E9:
  case X86II::MRM_EA:
  case X86II::MRM_EB:
  case X86II::MRM_EC:
  case X86II::MRM_ED:
  case X86II::MRM_EE:
  case X86II::MRM_EF:
  case X86II::MRM_F0:
  case X86II::MRM_F1:
  case X86II::MRM_F2:
  case X86II::MRM_F3:
  case X86II::MRM_F4:
  case X86II::MRM_F5:
  case X86II::MRM_F6:
  case X86II::MRM_F7:
  case X86II::MRM_F8:
  case X86II::MRM_F9:
  case X86II::MRM_FA:
  case X86II::MRM_FB:
  case X86II::MRM_FC:
  case X86II::MRM_FD:
  case X86II::MRM_FE:
  case X86II::MRM_FF:
    emitByte(BaseOpcode, CB);
    emitByte(0xC0 + Form - X86II::MRM_C0, CB);
    break;
  }
 
  if (HasVEX_I8Reg) {
    // The last source register of a 4 operand instruction in AVX is encoded
    // in bits[7:4] of a immediate byte.
    assert(I8RegNum < 16 && "Register encoding out of range");
    I8RegNum <<= 4;
    if (CurOp != NumOps) {
      unsigned Val = MI.getOperand(CurOp++).getImm();
      assert(Val < 16 && "Immediate operand value out of range");
      I8RegNum |= Val;
    }
    emitImmediate(MCOperand::createImm(I8RegNum), MI.getLoc(), 1, FK_Data_1,
                  StartByte, CB, Fixups);
  } else {
    // If there is a remaining operand, it must be a trailing immediate. Emit it
    // according to the right size for the instruction. Some instructions
    // (SSE4a extrq and insertq) have two trailing immediates.
 
    // Skip two trainling conditional operands encoded in EVEX prefix
    unsigned RemaningOps = NumOps - CurOp - 2 * HasTwoConditionalOps;
    while (RemaningOps) {
      emitImmediate(MI.getOperand(CurOp++), MI.getLoc(),
                    X86II::getSizeOfImm(TSFlags), getImmFixupKind(TSFlags),
                    StartByte, CB, Fixups);
      --RemaningOps;
    }
    CurOp += 2 * HasTwoConditionalOps;
  }
 
  if ((TSFlags & X86II::OpMapMask) == X86II::ThreeDNow)
    emitByte(X86II::getBaseOpcodeFor(TSFlags), CB);
 
  if (CB.size() - StartByte > 15)
    Ctx.reportError(MI.getLoc(), "instruction length exceeds the limit of 15");
#ifndef NDEBUG
  // FIXME: Verify.
  if (/*!Desc.isVariadic() &&*/ CurOp != NumOps) {
    errs() << "Cannot encode all operands of: ";
    MI.dump();
    errs() << '\n';
    abort();
  }
#endif
}
 
MCCodeEmitter *llvm::createX86MCCodeEmitter(const MCInstrInfo &MCII,
                                            MCContext &Ctx) {
  return new X86MCCodeEmitter(MCII, Ctx);
}